1975 


UC-NRLF 


B    3    flTfl    flMD 


THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 
OF  CALIFORNIA 


PRESENTED  BY 

PROF.  CHARLES  A.  KOFOID  AND 
MRS.  PRUDENCE  W.  KOFOID 


I 

BULLETIN  No.  19. 

U.S.  DEPARTMENT   OF   AGRICULTURE. 

BUREAU    OF   ANIMAL    INDUSTRY. 


THE  INSPECTION  OF  MEATS 


FOR 


ANIMAL  PARASITES. 


I.  THE    FLUKES   AND    TAPEWORMS    <>!•'    CATTLE,   SHEEP,   AND   SWINE, 
WITH  SPECIAL  REFERENCE  TO  THE  INSPECTION  OF  MEATS. 

By  Cir.  WARDELL  STILK.S. 

[I.  COMPENDIUM  OF  THE  PARASITES,  ARRANGED  ACCORDING  TO  THKIli 
HOSTS. 

By  ALBKRT  HASSAU.. 
[II.  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  THE  MORE  IMPORTANT  WORKS  CITED. 

By  ALBERT  HASSAI.I.. 


Prepared  under  the  direction  of 
Dr.  1>.  E.  SALMON, 

CHIEF   OF   THE   BUREAU    OF    ANIMAL    INDUSTRY. 
February    >•<,  l^f»H. 


WASHINGTON : 

GOVERNMENT   PRINTIN(  J    OFFICE. 
1898. 


BULLETIN  No.  19. 

U.  S.  DEPARTMENT   OF  AGRICULTURE. 

BUREAU   OF   ANIMAL   INDUSTRY. 


THE  INSPECTION  OF  MEATS 


FOR 


ANIMAL  PARASITES. 


I.  THE    FLUKES   AND    TAPEWORMS    OF    CATTLE,   SHEEP,  AND   SWINE, 
WITH  SPECIAL  REFERENCE  TO  THE  INSPECTION  OF  MEATS. 

By  CH.  WARDELL  (STILES. 

II.  COMPENDIUM  OF  THE  PARASITES,  ARRANGED  ACCORDING  TO  THEIR 

HOSTS. 

By  ALBERT  HASSALL. 

III.  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  THE  MORE  IMPORTANT  WORKS  CITED. 

By  ALBERT  HASSALL. 


Prepared  under  the  direction  of 
Dr.  D.  E.  SALMON, 

CHIEF   OF   THE   BUREAU    OF   ANIMAL    INDUSTRY. 
Issued  February  8,  1898. 


WASHINGTON : 

GOVERNMENT   PRINTING   OFFICE. 
1898. 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL 


U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE, 

BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL,  INDUSTRY, 

Washington,  D.  C.,  October  4,  1897. 

SIR:  I  have  the  honor  to  transmit  herewith,  and  to  recommend  for 
publication  as  Bulletin  No.  19  of  this  Bureau,  under  the  general  title 
"The  inspection  of  meats  for  animal  parasites,"  a  report  on  "The  flukes 
and  tapeworms  of  cattle,  sheep,  and  swine,  with  special  reference  to 
the  inspection  of  meats,"  prepared  under  my  direction  by  Dr.  Ch. 
Wardell  Stiles,  Zoologist  of  the  Bureau.  Appended  to  the  report,  and 
as  valuable  adjuncts  thereto,  are  a  "Compendium  of  the  parasites" 
and  a  "  Bibliography,"  prepared  by  Albert  Hassall,  M.  E.  C.  V.  S.,  of 
the  Zoological  Laboratory.  Although  the  report  is  intended  primarily 
for  the  use  of  the  meat  inspectors  of  this  Bureau,  it  will  be  found  of 
general  interest  to  all  sanitarians,  since  it  treats  of  the  communica- 
bility  of  certain  parasites  from  animals  to  man,  and  suggests  the  neces- 
sary methods  of  prevention  and  treatment  therefor.  The  publication 
and  distribution  of  the  bulletin  will  serve  a  useful  purpose  in  dissemi- 
nating knowledge  of  the  precautions  that  are  required  to  eradicate 
certain  of  the  most  important  parasites  affecting  domesticated  animals 
in  this  country — parasites  which  are  a  menace  to  the  public  health. 
Its  early  publication  is  desirable,  as  there  is  no  work  in  the  English 
language  covering  the  subjects  of  which  it  treats. 
Respectfully, 

D.  E.  SALMON, 
Chief  of  Bureau. 
3 


M353G86 


LETTER  OF  SUBMITTAL. 


U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE, 

BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL,  INDUSTRY, 

ZOOLOGICAL  LABORATORY, 
Washington,  D.  <?.,  July  10,  1897. 

SIR:  I  have  the  honor  to  submit  herewith  for  publication  a  report 
covering  "The  flukes  and  tapeworms  of  cattle,  sheep,  and  swine,  with 
special  reference  to  the  inspection  of  meats,"  prepared  by  myself,  and 
the  corresponding  "Compendium  of  the  parasites"  and  "Bibliography," 
prepared  by  Dr.  Albert  Hassall. 

This  report  is  intended  primarily  for  meat  inspectors,  and  contains 
discussions  of  the  various  flukes  and  tapeworms  which  our  Bureau 
inspectors  are  likely  to  meet  with  on  the  killing  floors  of  the  abattoirs. 
Technical  zoological  details  have  for  the  most  part  been  omitted,  the 
stress  being  placed  upon  the  practical  application  of  our  zoological 
knowledge  to  questions  of  public  hygiene. 

The  more  important  parasites  for  the  American  inspectors  are:  The 
Common  Liver  Fluke  and  the  Large  American  Fluke,  which  are  serious 
dangers  to  the  live  stock ;  Beef  measles,  Pork  measles,  and  Hydatids, 
all  of  which  bear  an  important  relation  to  diseases  in  man. 

I  would  direct  especial  attention  to  the  Hydatids.  Hydatid  disease 
is  at  present  comparatively  rare  in  this  country,  and  now  is  the  time  to 
attack  it.  By  proper  precautions  at  the  abattoirs  and  slaughterhouses 
this  dangerous  parasite  can  be  totally  eradicated  from  the  country. 
If  these  precautions  are  not  carried  out  it  will  be  only  a  question  of  time 
when  this  country  will  take  its  place  with  Germany  and  Australia  in 
respect  to  the  number  of  human  lives  sacrificed  to  a  disease  which  has 
not  yet  gained  much  ground  with  us  and  can  now  be  easily  controlled. 
The  illustrations  of  this,  bulletin  were  prepared  by  Mr.  Haines,  artist 
of  the  Bureau. 

Respectfully, 

CH.  WARDELL  STILES, 
Zoologist  of  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry. 
Dr.  D.  E.  SALMON, 

Chief  of  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry. 
4 


CONTENTS. 


I.  THE    FLUKES    AND    TAPEWORMS    OF    CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND    SWINE,  WITH 
SPECIAL  REFERENCE  TO  THE  INSPECTION  OF  MEATS.    By  Ch.Wardcll  Stiles.  11-136 

Introduction 11-27 

General  methods  for  the  prevention  of  parasitic  diseases 14-15 

Treatment 15 

The  disposition  of  condemned  meats . 15-20 

Parasitic  worms  of  cattle,  sheep,  and  swine 20-27 

Flat  worms  (class  Plathelminthes) 21-27 

Key  to  the  flukes  and  tapeworms  of  cattle,  sheep,  and  swine 21-27 

Flukes,  or  Trematodes  (order  Trematoda) 27-67 

Distomes  (flukes  of  the  family  Fasciolidae) 28-64 

Hermaphroditic  Distomes  (flukes  of  the  subfamily  Fasciolinae) 28-58 

Agamic,  or  Immature,  Distomes  (genus  Ayamodistomum) ^8-29 

1.  The  Muscle  Fluke  of  swine  (Agamodistomnm  suis) . . 28-29 

Fascicles  (Distomes  of  the  genus  Fasciola) 29-55 

2.  The  Common  Liver  Fluke  (Fasciola  hepatica)  of  cattle, 

sheep,  swine,  etc 29-48 

The  effects  of  the  Common  Liver  Fluke  upon  cattle, 

sheep,  and  swine 34-47 

Abattoir  inspection 47-48 

Jurisprudence 48 

The  Common  Liver  Fluke  in  man 48 

Varieties  of  the  Common  Livor  Fluke 48 

(a)  The  Narrow  Liver   Fluke   (Fasciola   'hepatica 

angusta)  of  Senegal  cattle  and  man  (?) 48 

(b)  The  Egyptian  Liver  Fluke  (Fasciola  hepatica 

aegyptiaca)  of  buffalo  and  cattle 48 

(c)  The  Common   Liver  Fluke  (Fasciola   hepatica 

caviae)  of  guinea  pigs 48 

3.  The  Giant  Liver  Fluke  (Fasciola  gigantica)  of  giraffes, 

cattle  ( ?),  and  man  (?) 49 

4.  The  Large  American  Fluke  (Fasciola  magna)  of  cattle 

and  deer 49-55 

Abattoir  inspection 55 

Dicrocoeles  (Distomes  of  the  genus  Dicrocoelium) 55-58 

5.  The    Lancet  Fluke  (Dicrocoelium  lanceatum)  of  cattle, 

sheep,  and  swine 55-57 

Abattoir  inspection 57 

6.  The  Pancreatic  Fluke   (Dicrocoelium  pancreaticum)  of 

cattle  and  sheep 57-58 

Dioecious  Distomes  (flukes  of  the  subfamily  Schistosominae) 58-64 

Blood  Flukes  (Distomes  of  the  genus  Schistosoma) 58-64 

7.  The  Human  Blood  Fluke  (Schistosoma  haematobium)  of 

man  and  cattle  (?) 58-60 

8.  The  Bovine  Blood  Fluke  (Schistosoma  bovis)  of  cattle 

and  sheep 60 

The  disease  hilhnrziosis 61-64 

Abattoir  inspection 64 

5 


6  CONTENTS. 

THE  FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  ETC. — Continued.  Page. 

Flukes,  or  Trematodes  (order  Trematoda) — Continued. 

Amphistouies  (flukes  of  the  family  Amphistomidae) 64-67 

True  Amphistomes  (flukes  of  the  genus  Amphistoma) 64-67 

9.  The  Conical  Fluke  (Amphistoma  cervi)  of  cattle   and 

sheep 64-66 

Abattoir  inspection 66 

10.  Amphistoma  explanatum  of  zebu  and  cattle 67 

11.  Amphistoma  bothriophorum  of  zebu 67 

12.  Amphistoma  tuberculatum  of  Indian  oxen 67 

13.  Gastrothylax  crumenifer  of  zebu , 67 

14.  Gastrothylax  Cobboldii  of  gayal 67 

15.  Gastrothylax  elongatum  of  gayal  and  y.ebu 67 

16.  Gastrothylax  yreyariits  of  cattle  and  Indian  buft'alo 67 

17.  Nomalogaster  paloniae  of  gayal 67 

18.  Homalogaster  Poirieri  of  zebu 67 

Tapeworms,  or  Cestodes  (order  Cestoda) .  68-136 

Family  Taeniidae 68-136 

Hard-shell  Tapeworms  (Cestodes  of  the  subfamily  Taenihiae) 70-125 

Hard-shell  Tapeworms  (genus  Taenia) 70-125 

19.  Beef  Measles  (Cysticercus  bovis)  of  cattle,  and  its  adult 

stage,  the  Unarmed,  or  Beef  Measle,  Tapeworm 

( Taenia  saginata)  of  man 71-89 

Beef  measles 75-77 

Abattoir  inspection 77-83 

The  Adult  Tapeworm  in  man  and  methods  of  pre- 
venting the  infection  of  cattle ^ 83-89 

Key  to  the  Adult  tapeworms  of  man 84-86 

20.  Pork  Measles  (Cysticercus  ceHulosae)  of  man  and  swine, 

aud  its  adult  stage,  the  Armed,  or  Pork  Measle, 

Tapeworm  ( Taenia  solium)  of  man 89-95 

Pork  measles 92 

Abattoir  inspection 92-94 

The  adult  and  larval  tapeworm  in  man 94-95 

21.  The  Thin,  or  Long,  Necked  Bladder  Worm  (Cynticercus 

tenuicollis)  of  cattle,  sheep,  and   swine,  and   its 
adult  stage,   the  Marginate  Tapeworm    (Taenia 

marginata)  of  dogs  and  wolves 96-108 

Abattoir  inspection 101 

The  Adult  tapeworms  of  dogs 101-108 

Key  to  the  Adult  tapeworms  of  dogs 101-102 

22.  The  Gid  Bladder  Worm  (Coenurus  cerebralis)  of  sheep 

and  calves,  and  its  adult  stage,  the  Gid  Tapeworm 

( Taenia  coenurus)  of  dogs 108-112 

Abattoir  inspection 112 

23.  The  Echinococcus  Hydatid  (Echinococcus  polymorphic) 

of  man,  cattle,  sheep,  swine,  etc.,  and  its  adult 
stage,  the  Echinococcus  Tapeworm  (Taenia  echi- 

nococcus)  of  dogs 113-125 

Hydatid  disease  in  various  animals 117-121 

Abattoir  inspection 121-123 

The  Adult  Tapeworm  in  dogs 123-124 

Hydatid  disease  in  man 124-125 

Adulttapewormsof  cattle  and  sheep  (subfamily  Anoplocephalinae)  125-136 
Genus  Moniezia — 127-128 

24.  The  White  Moniezia  (Moniezia  alba)  of  cattle  and  sheep      127 

25.  Vogt's  Moniezia  (Moniezia  Yogii)  of  sheep 127 

26.  The  Flat  Moniezia  (Moniezia pianissimo)  of  cattle  and 

sheep 127-128 


CONTENTS.  ( 

THE  FLUKKS  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  ETC. — Continued.  Page. 

Tapeworms,  or  Cestodes  (order  Cestoda) — Continued. 
Family  Taeniidae — Continued. 

Adult  tapeworms  of  cattle  and  sheep,  etc. — Continued. 
Genus  Moniezia — Continued. 

27.  Van  Benedeu's  Moniezia  (Moniezia  Benedeni)  of  cattle 

and  sheep 128 

28.  Neumann's  Moniezia  (Moniezia  Neumanni)  of  sheep  ..       128 

29.  The  Broad  Moniezia  (Monitzia  expansa)  of  cattle,  sheep, 

goats,  etc 128 

30.  The  Triangle  Moniezia  (Moniezia  trigonopltora)  of  sheep      128 
Genus  Thysanosoma 128-130 

31.  The   Fringed  Tapeworm  (Thysanosoma  actinioides)  of 

sheep,  deer,  etc 128-129 

32.  Giard's  Thysanosoma  ( Thysanosoma  Giardi)  of  cattle  ( ?), 

sheep,  and  swine  (?) : 129-130 

Genus  Stilesia 130 

33.  The  Globipunctate  Stilesia  (Stilesia  globipunctata)  of 

cattle  ( ?)  aud  sheep 130 

34.  The  Centripuuctate  Stilesia  (Stilesia  centripunctata)  of 

cattle  ( ?)  and  sheep 130 

Tapeworm  disease  of  cattle  and  sheep 131-136 

Abattoir  inspection , 136 

If.  COMPENDIUM  OF  THE  PARASITES,  ARRANGED  ACCORDING  TO  THEIR  HOSTS. 

By  Albert  Hassall 137-143 

Mammals  (Mammalia) 137-143 

Primates ." 137-138 

Carnivores  ( Carnivora) 138 

Rodents  ( Kodentia) 139 

Ungulates  (  Ungulata) 139-143 

Cetaceans  ( Cetacea) 143 

Marsupials  (Marsupialia) 143 

Mollusks  (Mollusca) 143 

III.  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  THE  MORE  IMPORTANT  WORKS  CITED.    By  A.  Hassall.  145-150 

INDEX  TO  TECHNICAL  NAMES 151-155 

INDEX  TO  SUBJECTS .  157-161 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Fig.    1.  The  Muscle  Fluke  (A<,a:nodistomum  suis),  occasionally  found  in  the 

in  uscle  of  swine 29 

2.  The  Common  Liver  Fluke  (Fasciola  liepatica),  natural  size 29 

3.  The  Common  Liver  Fluke,  enlarged  to  show  the  anatomical  characters.        30 

4.  Egg  of  the  Common  Liver  Fluke  examined  shortly  after  it  was  taken 

from  the  liver  of  a  sheep 31 

5.  Egg  of  the  Common  Liver  Fluke  containing  a  ciliated  embryo  (mira- 

cidiuin),  ready  to  hatch  out 31 

6.  Embryo  of  the  Cornmou  Liver  Fluke  boring  into  a  snail 32 

7.  Sporocyst  of  the  Common  Liver  Fluke  which  has  developed  from  the 

embryo,  aud  contains  germinal  cells 32 

8.  Sporocyst  of  the  Common  Liver  Fluke,  somewhat  older  than  that  of 

fig.  7,  in  which  the  germinal  cells  are  giving  rise  to  rediae 32 

9.  Redia  of  the  Common  Liver  Fluke,  containing  germinal  cells  which 

are  developing  into  cercariae 33 

10.  Redia  of  the  Common  Liver  Fluke,  with  developed  cercariae 33 

11.  Free  cercaria  of  the  Common  Liver  Fluke,  showing  two  suckers,  intes- 

tine, large  glands,  and  tail 33 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


FIG.  12.  Portion  of  a  grass  stalk  with  three  encapsuled  cercariae  of  the  Com- 

mon Liver  Fluke  (Fasciola  licpatica)  ...............................        35 

13.  Isolated  encysted  cercaria  of  the  Common  Liver  Fluke  ..............        35 

14.  Drawing  from  a  microscopic  preparation  showing  a  hemorrhage  in 

the  parenchyma  of  the  liver  caused  by  the  Common  Liver  Fluke  ____         37 

15.  Drawing  from  a  microscopic  preparation  showing  the  glandular  hyper- 

plasia  of  the  mucosa  of  a  gall  duct  caused  by  the  Common  Liver 
Fluke  ............................................................        38 

16.  Drawing  from  a  microscopic  preparation  showing  a  flnke  in  the  tissue 

of  the  liver  .......................................................         39 

17.  Tabular  diagram  of  the  occurrence  of  the  Common  Liver  Fluke  in 

cattle,  sheep,  and  swine  during  different  months  of  the  year  .......         41 

18.  Hmnaea  truncatula,  natural  size  and  enlarged  ........................        42 

19.  Limnaea  peregra,  natural  size  and  enlarged  ..........................         42 

20.  Limnaea  Jiumilis,  natural  size  and  enlarged  ..........................         43 

21.  Limnaea  oahuensis,  natural  size  and  enlarged  ........................         43 

22.  Limnaea  viator,  natural  size  and  enlarged  ............................         43 

23.  The  Narrow  Liver  Fluke  (Fasciola  hepatica  anyusta),  natural  size  .....         48 

24.  The  Narrow  Liver  Fluke,  enlarged  to  show  the  anatomical  characters.        49 

25.  The  Egyptian  Liver  Fluke  (Fasciola  Uepatica  aeyyptlaca),  natural  size.        49 

26.  The  Egyptian  Liver  Fluke,  enlarged  to  show  the  anatomical  charac- 

ters ..............................................................         50 

27.  The  Giant  Liver  Fluke   (Fasciola  yigantica),  enlarged  to   show  the 

anatomy  .........................................  .  ...............        50 

28.  The  Large  American  Fluke  (  Fasciola  marjna),  natural  size  ............        51 

29.  Macerated  specimen  of  Large  American  Fluke,  showing  the  digestive 

system  and  acetabulum  ................  ...........................        51 

30.  Macerated  specimen  of  Large  American  Fluke,  showing  the  anatom- 

ical characters  ....................................................         52 

31.  A  section  of  the  cuticle  of  Large  American  Fluke,  showing  the  spines.        53 

32.  Egg  of  Large  American  Fluke,  showing  the  germ  cell,  surrounded  by 

a  large  number  of  vitelline  cells,  and  an  eggshell  provided  with  a 

cap  ..............................................................        53 

33.  Ciliated  embryo  (miracidium)  of  Large  American  Fluke  within  the 

eggshell  ........................................................   .        53 

34.  Free  embryo  (miracidium)  of  Large  American  Fluke,  showing  ciliated 

epithelium,  boring  papilla,  rudimentary  oesophagus,  and  intestine; 
eye-spots  situated  above  the  gauglionic  mass,  and  germ  cells  .......        54 

35.  Cyst  in  the  liver,  caused  by  Large  American  Fluke  ..................        54 

36.  Lancet  Fluke  (Dicrocoelinm  lanceatum),  natural  size  .................        55 

37.  Lancet  Fluke,  enlarged  to  show  the  anatomical  characters  ..........        55 

38.  Egg  of  Lancet  Fluke  with  contained  embryo  ........................        56 

39.  Free  embryo  (miracidium)  of  the  Lancet  Fluke  .....................        56 

40.  THe  Pancreatic  Fluke  (Dicrocoelium  pancreaticum),  enlarged  to  show 

the  anatomical  characters  ...............................  :  .........        56 

41.  Male  and  female  specimens  of  the  Human  Blood  Fluke  (Schistosoma 

haematobiitm),  enlarged  ............................................        57 

42.  Anterior  portion   of   male   Human  Blood  Fluke,  showing  the  ana- 

tomical characters  ................................................        58 

43.  Anterior  portion  of  female  Human  Blood  Fluke,  showing  the  ana- 

tomical characters  ................................................        59 

44.  Egg  of  Human  Blood  Fluke  with  contained  embryo,  passed  in  the 

urine  .............  .................................................         60 

45.  The  Bovine  Blood  Fluke  (Schistosoma  tot-is),  male  and  female  ........         60 

46.  Cross  section  of  Bovine  Blood  Fluke,  showing  the  position  of  the 

female  in  the  gynaecophoric  canal  ................................         61 

47.  Eggs  of  Bovine  Blood  Fluke,  showing  the  peculiar  process  on  the 

end  .  62 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


FIG.  48.  Ureter  of  an  Egyptian,  with  numerous  uric-acid  concretions,  as  a  result 

of  blood-fluke  infection 63 

49.  Conical  amphistomes  (Amphiatoma  cervi)  in  the  rumen;  tubercles  from 

which  the  parasites  have  loosened 64 

50.  Dorsal  view  of  a  Conical  Amphistome,  showing  the  anatomical  char- 

acters           64 

51.  Dorsal  view  of  the  free  embryo  (miracidium)  of  the  Conical  Amphis- 

tome about  to  enter  the  intermediate  host 65 

52.  Sporocyst  of  the  Conical  Amphistome  resulting  from  the  transforma- 

tion and  development  of  the  embryo 65 

53.  Adult  redia  of  the  Conical  Amphistome  of  the  first  generation,  thirty- 

nine  days  after  the  infection  of  the  intermediate  host  with  embryos.         66 

54.  Young  redia  of  the  Conical  Amphistome  of  the  second  generation  in 

which  the  cercariae  develop 66 

55.  Mature  cercaria  of  the  Conical  Amphistome,  the  stage  which  gains 

access  to  cattle  and  sheep 67 

56.  Amphistoma  bothriophorum ,. 67 

57.  Enlarged  dorsal  view  of  Gastrothylax  crumenifer 68 

58.  Enlarged  ventral  view  of  Gastrothylax  crumenifer 68 

59.  Enlarged  view  of  anterior  extremity  of  Gastrothylax  crumenifer 68 

60.  Enlarged  view  of  posterior  extremity  of  Gastrothylax  crumenifer 68 

61.  Enlarged  view  of  GastrotJtylax  crumenifer,  with  ventral  pouch  open ...         69 

62.  Dorsal  view  of  Gastrothylax  crumenifer,  magnified  to  show  the  anatom- 

ical characters 69 

63.  G astroth  yla.r  Cobboldii,  lateral  view 69 

64.  Gasirothyla.il'  alongatum 70 

65.  Dorsal  view  of  Gastrothylax gregarins 71 

66.  Lateral  view  of  Gastrothylax  gref/arius 71 

67.  Homalof/aster  paloniae,  ventral  view 72 

68.  Section  of  a  beef  tongue  heavily  infested  with  beef  measles 72 

69.  Several  portions  of  an  adult  Beef-measle  Tapeworm  (Taenia  sayinata) 

from  man,  showing  the  head  on  the  anterior  end  and  the  gradual 
increase  in  size  o f  the  segments 73 

70.  Dorsal,  apex,  and  lateral  views  of  the  head  of  Beef-measle  Tapeworm, 

showing  a  depression  in  the  center  of  the  apex 74 

71.  Segments  from  various  strobilae  of  Beef-measle  Tapeworm,  showing 

forms  of  proglottids  which  are  occasionally  found 75 

72.  Sexuall}7  mature  segment  of  Beef-measle  Tapeworm 76 

73.  Gravid  segment  of  Beef-measle  Tapeworm,  showing  lateral  branches 

of  the  uterus 77 

74.  Egg  of  Beef-measle  Tapeworm,  with  thick  eggshell  (embryophore), 

containing  the  six-hooked  embryo  (oucosphere) 81 

75.  A  piece  of  pork  heavily  infested  with  pork  measles  (Cysticercus  cellu- 

losae) 90 

76.  An  isolated  Pork-measle  Bladder  Worm  with  extended  head 90 

77.  Several  portions  of  an  adult  Pork-measle  Tapeworm  (Taenia  solium).        91 

78.  Large  and  small  hooks  of  Pork-measle  Tapeworm 92 

79.  Mature   sexual   segments  of  Pork-measle    Tapeworm,  showing  the 

divided  ovary  on  the  pore  side 92 

80.  Segment  of  Pork-measle  Tapeworm  in  which  the  uterus  is  about  half 

developed 92 

81.  Gravid    segment    of  Pork-measle    Tapeworm,   showing  the  lateral 

branches  of  the  uterus 94 

82.  Eggs  of  Pork-measle  Tapeworm 94 

83.  Half  of  hog,  showing  the  portions  most  likely  to  become  infested  with 

measles ...  96 


10  ILLUSTRATIONS. 

Page. 
FIG.  84.  The  Thin-necked  Bladder  Worm  (Cyslicercus  tenuicollis)  with  head 

extruded  from  body,  from  cavity  of  a  steer 97 

85.  The  Margiuate  Tapeworm  ( Taenia  marginata) 97 

86.  Head  of  the  Marginate  Tapeworm 98 

87.  Small  and  large  hooks    of  Taenia  marginata,  T.  serrata,  and  T.  coe- 

nurua 98 

88.  Sexually  mature  segment  of  the  Marginate  Tapeworm 99 

89.  Gravid  segments,  showing  the  lateral  branches  of  the  uteri  of  Taeiiiti 

serrata,  T.  marginata,  and  T.  coenurtts 99 

90.  Egg  of  the  Marginate  Tapeworm,  with  six-hooked  embryo 100 

91.  Portion  of  the  liver  of  a  lamb  which  died  nir  e  days  after  feeding  with 

eggs  of  the  Margiuate  Tapeworm,  with  numerous  "scars,"  due  to 

young  parasites 100 

92.  Cross  section  of  the  liver  of  a  lamb  which  died  nine  days  after  feeding 

with  eggs  of  the  Marginate  Tapeworm 101 

93.  Young  cysticerci  of  the  Marginate  Tapeworm 103 

94.  Skull  of  a  sheep  showing  the  brain  infested  with  a  Gid  Bladder  Worm 

(Coenurus  cerebralis) 106 

95.  An  adult  Gid  Tapeworm  ( Taenia  eoenurus) 107 

96.  Sexually  mature  segment  of  the  Gid  Tapeworm 108 

97.  Brain  of  a  lamb  infested  with  young  Gid  Bladder  worms 108 

98.  Sheep's  skull,  the  hind  portion  thin  and  perforated,  due  to  the  pres- 

ence of  Gid  Bladder  worms 109 

99.  An  isolated  Gid  Bladder  Worm,  showing  the  heads 110 

100.  Diagrammatic  section  of  a  Gid  Bladder  Worm Ill 

101.  Portion  of  hog's  liver  infested  with  Echinococcus  hydatid 112 

102.  Portion  of  the  intestine  of  a  dog  infested  with  the  adult  Hydatid 

Tapeworm  ( Taenia  echinococcus) 1 14 

103.  Adult  Hydatid  Tapeworm,  enlarged 115 

104.  Hooks  of  Adult  Hydatid  Tapeworm 115 

105.  Diagram  of  an  Echinococcus  hydatid 116 

106.  A  racemose  Echinococcus 117 

107.  Section  through  a  multilocular  Echinococcus 1 17 

108.  A  multilocular  Echinococcus  from  the  liver  of  a  steer 1 18 

109.  A  multilocular  Echinococcus  from  the  pleura  of  a  hog 118 

110.  Lymphatics  of  a  steer  infested  with  the  so-called  "Tongue  worm" 

(Linguatula  rhinaria) 119 

111.  Portions  of  an  adult  Flat  Mouiezia  (Mouiezia  pianissimo,) 120 

112.  Three  views  of  heads  of  the  Flat  Moniezia 121 

113.  Dorsal  view  of  sexually  mature  segment  of  the  Flat  Moniezia 122 

114.  Dorsal  view  of  gravid  segments  of  the  Flat  Mouiezia,  showing  the 

uterus 126 

115.  Egg  of  the  Flat  Moniezia 126 

116.  Portions   of  an   adult   specimen   of   the   Broad   Moniezia   (Monie:la 

cxpansa)   127 

117.  Three  views  of  the  head  of  the  Broad  Mouiezia 129 

118.  Sexually  mature  segments  of  the  Broad  Moniezia 129 

119.  Gravid  segment  of  the  Broad  Mouiezia 130 

120.  Portions  of  an  adult  specimen  of  the  Triangle  Moniezia  (Moniezia  tri- 

gonophora)  131 

121.  Sexually  mature  segments  of  the  Triangle  Mouiezia 132 

122.  Adult  specimen  of  the  Fringed  Tapeworm  ( Tiii/sanosoma  actinioides) . . .  133 

123.  Ventral  and  apex  views  of  the  head  of  the  Fringed  Tapeworm 134 

124.  Segments  of  the  Fringed   Tapeworm,  showing  canals   and  nerves, 

fringed  border,  testicles,  and  uterus 136 


THE  INSPECTION  OF  MEATS  FOR  ANIMAL  PARASITES. 


THE  FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND 
SWINE,  WITH  SPECIAL  REFERENCE  TO  THE  INSPECTION  OF 
MEATS. 

By  CH.  WARDELL  STILES,  Ph.  D., 
Zoologist  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry. 


INTRODUCTION. 

The  object  of  the  report. — Tbe  present  report  011  "The  flukes  and  tape- 
worms of  cattle,  sheep,  and  swine,  with  special  reference  to  the  inspec- 
tion of  meats,"  is  intended  primarily  for  the  use  of  meat  inspectors,  and 
an  effort  has  been  made  to  bring  together  in  systematic  order  the  more 
important  facts  relating  to  the  flukes  and  tapeworms  which  inspectors 
are  likely  to  find  in  the  abattoirs  and  slaughterhouses.  For  several 
reasons  it  is  important  that  meat  inspectors  should  be  well  informed 
upon  both  the  practical  and  the  theoretical  considerations  of  this  subject: 

First.  Since  certain  parasites  ( Cysticercus  cellulosae  and  (7.  boms)  are 
directly  transmissible  to  man  through  the  use  of  meat,  a  knowledge  of 
these  worms  will  enable  inspectors  to  prevent  the  spread  of  their  tape- 
worm stage  among  human  beings  by  condemning  the  infested  meat  or 
subjecting  it  to  processes  which  will  render  it  harmless.  The  rigid  sys- 
tem of  meat  inspection  in  Germany  has  resulted  in  an  actual  decrease 
in  tapeworm  disease  (by  Taenia  solium  and  probably  also  by  T.  saginata) 
in  man  and  in  the  frequency  of  C.  cellulosae  in  the  human  eye. 

Second.  Condemnation  and  destruction  of  organs  infested  with  cer- 
tain other  parasites  (Echinococcus,  Coenurus,  Cysticercus  tenuicollis)  will 
prevent  the  spread  of  these  parasites  in  their  tapeworm  stage  to  dogs, 
and  by  that  means  prevent  the  reinfection  of  man  (by  EcMnococcus) 
and  of  domesticated  animals  (by  Echinococcus,  Coenurus,  Gysticercus 
tenuicollis) ;  in  this  case  prevention  of  tapeworm  disease  in  dogs,  though 
of  comparatively  little  importance  so  far  as  the  dogs  are  concerned, 
becomes  very  important  not  only  in  public  hygiene  (in  the  prevention 

11 


12  INSPECTION    OF    MEATS    FOR    ANIMAL    PARASITES. 

of  disease  in  man  and  animals),  but  also  from  an  economic  standpoint, 
preventing  financial  loss  to  stock  raisers  from  disease  and  death  in 
tlieir  herds  and  flocks  caused  by  these  worms.  The  destruction  of 
livers  heavily  infested  with  flukes  will  also  result  indirectly  in  decreas- 
ing- fluke  disease  in  man  and  live  stock. 

Third.  Certain  animal  parasites  (Gyxticercm  cellnlosae,  C.  bovis, 
EcMnococcus,etc.)  may  under  certain  conditions  bring  about  pathologi- 
cal appearances  in  the  meat  which  may  at  first  sight  be  mistaken  for 
tuberculosis.  It  is  hardly  necessary  to  insist  upon  the  importance  of  a 
differential  diagnosis  between  tuberculosis  and  diseases  caused  by 
animal  parasites. 

It  is  thus  seen  that  the  meat  inspector  is  destined  to  render  an 
important  public  service  in  the  prevention  of  parasitic  diseases,  not  only 
in  man,  but  among  domesticated  animals. 

Secondarily,  this  report  is  intended  for  the  stock  raiser,  and  an 
attempt  has  been  made  in  the  text  to  give  him  such  information  regard 
ing  the  various  parasites  discussed  as  will  be  useful  in  preventing  the 
spread  of  parasitic  diseases  among  his  animals.  The  stock  raiser, 
whether  the  owner  of  a  large  herd  or  of  but  one  or  two  animals,  should 
never  lose  sight  of  the  fact  that  his  stock  is  raised  not  only  as  a  money 
investment  for  himself,  but  as  food  for  his  fellow-men.  To  allow  the 
introduction  of  certain  diseases  among  his  animals  means  not  only  a 
financial  loss  to  himself,  but  a  loss  of  health  or  life  to  those  who  may 
use  these  animals  for  food.  To  prevent  these  diseases  is  to  increase  the 
value  of  his  investment  and  to  aid  the  health  authorities  in  preventing 
disease  among  his  neighbors  and  his  neighbors'  stock.  The  stock  rais- 
er's position  is  therefore  based  not  only  upon  dollars  and  cents,  but  also 
upon  the  broader  plane  of  ethics,  and  he  who  intentionally  or  uninten- 
tionally and  persistently  loses  sight  of  the  ethical  side  of  his  occupation 
must  necessarily  suffer  from  the  financial  standpoint.  The  unprinci- 
pled action  of  placing  diseased  live  stock  on  the  market,  instances  of 
which  can  be  cited  from  all  civilized  countries,  is  indeed  a  very  short- 
sighted policy,  which  will  sooner  or  later  tell  upon  the  purse  of  him 
who  descends  to  such  action,  as  well  as  upon  the  health  of  the  com- 
munity. A  person  who  aids  in  concealing  a  smallpox  or  diphtheria 
patient  from  the  health  authorities  and  thus  jeopardizes  the  health  of 
his  friends  and  neighbors  justly  earns  the  contempt  of  his  fellow-beings 
as  well  as  the  punishment  provided  by  law  in  some  places;  and  a  per- 
son who  knowingly  places  diseased  live  stock  or  diseased  meat  on  the 
market  and  thus  endangers  the  health  of  those  who  consume  the  meat 
is  none  the  less  worthy  of  contempt  and  punishment. 

In  the  third  instance,  this  report  is  intended  for  butchers  who  handle 
meat  which  has  not  been  inspected,  as  is  unfortunately  the  case  in 
many  places,  particularly  in  smaller  towns.  The  writer  has  personally 
seen  many  towns  where  the  meat  supply  was  drawn  almost  entirely 
from  local  slaughterhouses,  in  which  there  was  no  inspection.  Fre- 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.   13 

quently  the  butchers  raised  their  own  stock,  or  a  portion  of  it,  on  the 
grounds  of  the  slaughterhouses  and  under  unhygienic  conditions,  which 
were  not  only  most  favorable  to  the  spread  of  disease,  but  which  must 
necessarily  have  resulted  in  the  spread  of  infection  among  the  animals 
raised  upon  the  premises  and  in  the  neighborhood;  especially  in  cases 
where  the  slaughterhouse  was  located  on  the  banks  of  a  creek  or  river. 
In  writing  a  report  for  the  information  of  these  three  classes  of  per- 
sons, the  author  is  well  aware  that  technical  language  is  not  desired  by 
the  stock  raiser  and  the  butcher;  a  considerable  amount  of  technical 
detail  is,  however,  necessary  in  treating  this  subject  in  a  manner  which 
will  be  exact  and  complete  enough  for  the  expert  inspector,  who  must 
view  the  questions  from  different  standpoints.  These  technical  details 
consist  chiefly  (1)  of  the  classification  and  analytical  keys  to  the  various 
worms,  necessary  in  order  to  properly  determine  the  parasites  found; 

(2)  of  detailed  synonymy  of  each  form,  necessary  because  so  many  of 
the  parasites  are  described  in  various  works  under  different  names; 

(3)  details  in  regard  to  the  life  history  of  the  worms,  necessary  in  order 
to  establish  the  proper  methods  of  prevention;  and,  (4)  details  in  the 
pathological  appearances  of  diseased  organs,  necessary  in  order  to  dif- 
ferentiate between  diseases  which  may  bear  a  close  resemblance  to  one 
another. 

This  technical  discussion,  necessary  as  it  is  to  the  expert  inspector, 
has  been  forced  to  the  background  as  much  as  possible  by  placing  it  in 
small  type  or  in  footnotes,  and  any,  except  sanitary  officers  and  zoolo- 
gists, who  re. ad  this  bulletin  will  do  well  to  rely  chiefly  upon  the  dis- 
cussion in  large  type. 

Scientific  nomenclature  and  synonymy. — One  of  the  greatest  aids  in 
scientific  work,  giving  exactness  to  statements  and  rendering  the  names 
of  animals  and  plants  international,  is  the  use  of  Latin  names  for  all 
'plants  and  animals.  These  names  should  be  given  according  to  certain 
regulations  agreed  upon  by  workers  in  science,  but  owing  to  the  dis- 
regard of  these  rules  by  some  authors,  many  of  the  parasites  discussed 
have  received  numerous  technical  names.  In  this  paper  the  writer  has 
endeavored  to  follow  the  international  rules  in  selecting  the  technical 
name  used  for  each  parasite,  and  this  name  alone  should  be  quoted  in 
referring  to  the  worms.  The  lists  of  synonyms  are  intended  only  as 
tables  of  reference,  in  order  to  trace  the  parasites  as  described  by  dif- 
ferent authors. 

Authorities  consulted. — The  majority  of  the  parasites  mentioned  in 
the  report  have  been  known  for  many  years  and  much  has  already  been 
published  upon  them.  In  writing  the  report,  therefore,  I  have  not  only 
drawn  from  my  own  personal  studies,  but  have  not  hesitated  to  use  the 
entire  literature  at  my  disposal.  A  list  of  the  chief  works  consulted 
is  given  on  pages  145-150,  and  of  these  I  have  used  with  special  freedom 
Ziirn  (1882),  Blanchard  (1885-95),  Neumann  (1892),  Eailliet  (1893),  Oster- 
tag  (1895),  and  my  own  papers. 


14  INSPECTION    OF    MEATS    FOR    ANIMAL    PARASITES. 

GENERAL  METHODS  FOR   THE   PREVENTION  OF  PARASITIC   DISEASES. 

"A  well-regulated  system  of  slaughterhouses  is  as  necessary  to  public  health  as  is  a 
well-regulated  system  of  schools  to  public  education." 

Under  the  subject  of  prevention  there  will  here  be  considered  chiefly 
those  rules  which  apply  to  the  parasites  discussed  in  this  paper.  The 
methods  of  prevention  naturally  fall  under  several  heads: 

(1)  Segregation  of  slaughterhouses.1 — The  first  and  most  important 
step  to  be  taken  in  order  to  prevent  the  spread  of  parasitic  diseases  is 
to  segregate  the  slaughterhouses.     In  many  places,  especially  in  the 
West,  we  find  two,  three,  four,  or  even  five  small  slaughterhouses  on 
the  outskirts  of  a  town  of  300  to  2,500  inhabitants.     These  slaughtering 
places  are  scattered  north,  east,  south,  and  west  of  the  town;  as  they 
are  often  outside  of  the  corporation  limits,  they  do  not  come  under  the 
direct  control  of  the  local  board  of  health;  few,  if  any,  of  the  State 
boards  pay  any  attention  to  them,  and  as  a  result  the  meat  supply  is 
often  without  sanitary  supervision. 

The  general  rule  may  be  laid  down  that  every  slaughterhouse  is  a 
center  of  infection  for  the  surrounding  neighborhood,  not  only  of  dis- 
eases caused  by  animal  parasites,  but  also  of  other  diseases,  such  as 
hog  cholera,  swine  plague,  tuberculosis,  etc.  The  first  step  to  be  taken, 
therefore,  is  to  reduce  the  number  of  localities  from  which  infection 
may  r-pread,  and  there  is  evidently  only  one  way  to  do  this,  namely,  to 
compel  all  the  butchers  of  a  town  to  do  all  of  their  killing  at  the  same 
slaughterhouse.  If  the  slaughtering  is  all  done  at  one  place,  it  is 
comparatively  easy  to  control  the  class  of  animals  used;  but  when 
numerous  slaughterhouses  exist,  it  is  practically  impossible  to  supervise 
the  premises. 

In  many  European  cities  and  towns  the  slaughterhouse  is  built  either 
at  municipal  expense  or  by  a  stock  company,  and  stalls  are  let  to* 
the  butchers  for  killing  purposes.     This  plan   has  been  found  very 
satisfactory. 

The  places  of  slaughtering  should  be  built  of  some  more  durable 
material,  as  brick,  rather  than  wood;  the  less  wood  used  the  easier  it 
is  to  keep  the  place  clean.  Even  the  (ioors  should,  if  possible,  be  of 
brick,  stone,  or  asphalt. 

(2)  Sanitary  supervision  of  slaughterhouses. — There  should  be  a  com- 
petent veterinary  inspector  appointed  as  director  of  every  slaughter- 
house, with  assistants  if  necessary.    It  should  be  the  duty  of  the  director 
and  his  assistants  to  see  that  the  stalls  and  grounds  are  kept  in  proper 
sanitary  condition,  and  that  the  offal  is  properly  disposed  of.     In  small 
towns,  where  there  is  not  enough  offal  to  pay  for  preparing  it  as  fertil- 
izer,'there  seems  to  be  no  valid  sanitary  objection  to  feeding  the  offal 
of  healthy  cattle  and  sheep  to  hogs;  but  offal  of  hogs  should  under  no 
circumstances  be  fed  to  other  hogs,  unless  it  is  first  thoroughly  cooked. 

1  Cf.  Stiles.  1897.  The  Country  Slaughterhouse  as  a  Factor  in  the  Spread  of  Disease. 
(Yearbook  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture  for  1896,  pp.  155-166.) 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWOKMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.   15 

(3)  Meat  inspection. — There  should  be  a  regular  inspection,  by  a  com- 
petent veterinarian,  of  all  meats  before  they  are  allowed  to  leave  the 
slaughterhouse. 

(4)  Dogs  and  rats. — Dogs  should  be  excluded  from  slaughterhouses 
and  meat  shops,  and  all  stray  and  ownerless  dogs  should  be  killed. 
This  will  prevent  the  spread  of  a  number  of  dangerous  parasites.    Eats 
are  common  factors  in  spreading  diseases  from  slaughterhouses,  al- 
though they  do  not  come  into  consideration  in  connection  with  any  of 
the  parasites  discussed  in  this  report. 

(5)  The  raising  of  hogs  and  other  animals  at  slaughterhouses  is  a  cus- 
tom which  can  not  be  too  severely  condemned,  and  the  farmer  who 
grants  to  a  butcher  the  privilege  of  slaughtering  on  his  farm  in  exchange 
for  the  use  of  the  offal  as  feed  simply  bids  for  disease. 

(6)  Deserted  premises. — In  the  segregation  of  slaughterhouses,  which 
must  come  sooner  or  later,  care  should  be  taken  to  properly  dispose  of 
the  houses  which  are  deserted;  an  attempt  should  be  made  to  kill  the 
rats  on  the  deserted  premises,  in  order  to  prevent  their  spreading  dis- 
ease by  wandering  to  neighboring  farms,  etc. 

(7)  Domesticated  animals  must  not  be  allowed  access  to  human  excreta 
or  to  water  supply  contaminated  by  drainage  from  privies,  vaults,  etc. 

TREATMENT. 

The  treatment  of  the  verminous  diseases  of  cattle,  sheep,  and  swine, 
discussed  in  this  report,  may  be  summed  up  in  two  rules  : 

(1)  The  treatment  for  the  larval  tapeworms  and  the  liver  flukes  must 
be  preventive,  as  no  medicinal  treatment  known  is  satisfactory. 

(2)  The  treatment  for  the  adult  tapeworms  and  the  intestinal  flukes 
should  be  medicinal,  as  this  is  effective,  and  the  life  history  of  most  of 
these  worms  still  being  problematical,  we  have  no  satisfactory  data  upon 
which  to  base  preventive  measures. 

(For  details  regarding  prevention  and  treatment,1  see  these  captions 
under  each  parasite.) 

THE   DISPOSITION   OF    CONDEMNED   MEATS. 

The  proposition  that  diseased  meats  which  are  dangerous  as  articles 
of  food  should  not  be  allowed  on  the  market  is  one  which  will  receive 
universal  support  from  all  sanitarians  and  also  from  the  thinking  pub- 


1  In  connection  with  the  subject  of  treatment,  I  would  call  the  attention  of  veteri- 
narians to.  the  necessity  of  not  forgetting  that  a  prescription  written  in  one  country 
does  not  mean  the  same  in  all  countries.  In  dealing  with  pounds,  ounces,  and  grains 
the  apothecaries'  .weight,  United  States,  agrees  with  the  imperial  standard  troy, 
but  many  of  the  articles  used  in  dosing  large  herds  are  purchased  at  avoirdupois 
weight.  The  apothecaries',  United  States,  and  the  imperial  liquid  measures  do  not 
agreo,  a  point  which  should  be  borne  in  mind  in  utilizing  English  formulae  in  this 
country.  Have  not  many  accidents  occurred  because  English  formulae  were  taken, 
and  the  fact  overlooked  that  the  English  gallon  is  one-fifth  larger  than  the  United 
States  gallon?  Hutcheon's  wireworm  treatment  (pp.  133-135),  if  adopted  in  this 
country  without  making  due  allowance  for  the  difference  in  the  size  of  the  gallon, 
would  probably  result  in  heavy  losses  to  the  sheep  owner. 


16  INSPECTION    OF    MEATS    FOR    ANIMAL    PARASITES. 

lie.  The  question,  however,  arises  as  to  the  classes  of  diseased  meats 
and  the  stages  in  these  diseases  that  justify  their  condemnation  or  that 
justify  their  sale  and  the  method  of  their  disposal  if  condemned.  It  is 
not  the  purpose  of  this  report  to  discuss  the  general  aspect  of  these 
questions,  but  only  to  discuss  them  so  far  as  the  diseases  caused  by 
animal  parasites  are  concerned. 

In  some  foreign  cities  regulations  exist,  or  have  existed,  compelling  the 
burial  or  burning  of  meats  affected  with  certain  parasitic  diseases.  To 
such  extreme  regulations  we  are  opposed  for  several  reasons.  In  the 
first  place,  such  destruction  by  burial  or  burning  is  in  itself  an  expense. 
It  also  results  in  a  total  and  unnecessary  loss  of  the  carcass.  Again, 
the  burial  of  a  diseased  carcass,  unless  buried  in  quicklime  or  other 
destructive  material,  does  not  meet  either  the  practical  or  the  theoret- 
ical requirements  of  destruction  of  diseased  material.  Take  the  disease 
trichinosis,  for  instance.  In  some  places  the  carcasses  of  trichinous 
hogs  have  been  buried  by  order  of  the  sanitary  officials.  After  this  has 
been  done,  the  owners  of  the  carcass  have  disinterred  the  hog  and  it  has 
been  used  for  food ! 1  Even  had  these  men  not  disinterred  the  body  and 
fed  it  to  their  friends  and  customers,  the  grave  would  have  been  acces- 
sible to  rodents,  such  as  rats,  field  mice,  etc.,  which  would  be  likely 
to  feed  upon  the  carcass,  and  thus  become  infected  with  the  disease, 
resulting  in  a  possible  (theoretical !)  ultimate  transmission  of  the  disease 
to  other  hogs.  Finally,  the  writer  is  opposed  to  this  method  of  destruc- 
tion (?)  on  the  ground  that  diseased  or  partially  diseased  carcasses  can 
be  utilized  under  certain  conditions  and  restrictions,  so  that  the  owner 
will  not  lose  the  entire  amount  of  his  investment. 

Three  methods  in  particular  are  open,  the  method  selected  being 
dependent  (1)  upon  the  nature,  extent,  or  stage  of  the  disease,  and  (2)  the 
facilities  at  hand.  These  methods  are :  (1)  Utilization  as  fertilizer;  ('2) 
rendering  the  meats  harmless  by  cold  storage,  cooking,  or  preserving, 
and  then  placing  them  upon  the  market;  (3)  selling  the  meats  under  a 
declaration  of  their  character. 

In  determining  the  extent  or  stage  of  the  disease  and  its  relation  to 
the  method  of  disposition  of  the  carcass,  the  opinion  of  the  meat 
inspector  must,  of  course,  be  based  upon  certain  general  principles  and 
must  naturally  be  final. 

Utilization  as  fertilizer. — There  is  no  parasitic  disease  known  which 
will  withstand  the  degree  of  heat  used  at  the  large  abattoirs  in  the 
preparation  of  fertilizers.  "Tanking  for  fertilizers"  is  therefore  an 
absolutely  safe  method  for  the  disposition  of  condemned  meats,  no 
matter  how  serious  the  infection  is  or  to  what  extent  the  disease  lias 
progressed. 

In  connection  with  some  parasitic  diseases,  however,  a  question  arises 
as  to  the  necessity  of  condemning  to  the  tank  certain  diseased  con 

1  This  has  happened  a  number  of  times  in  Germany,  one  case  being  reported  within 
less  than  a  year!  (See  Zeitschr.  f.  Fleisch-  uml  Milchhygiene,  1897,  VII,  (5),  p.  104.) 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.   17 

ditions.  A  case  of  generalized  cestode-tuberculosis  (  Cysticercus  bovis) 
should  undoubtedly  be  "tanked,"  but  in  a  very  light  infection  the  ques- 
tion takes  a  different  aspect,  namely :  Can  not  the  diseased  portion  be  cut 
out  and  the  rest  of  the  carcass  be  placed  on  the  block?  To  allow  such 
meat  on  the  market,  leaving  the  consumer  to  suppose  that  he  is  pur- 
chasing a  first-class  article,  is  evidently  an  injustice  to  the  buyer,  for  it 
is  by  no  means  certain  that  all  of  the  parasites  have  been  detected  and 
removed.  To  condemn  a  light  infection  of  this  disease  is,  on  the  con- 
trary, an  injustice  to  the  dealer,  for  there  are  methods  by  which  the 
remaining  parasites,  if  any,  may  be  rendered  harmless,  and  in  this  case 
the  dealer  could  be  saved  a  part  of  his  loss.  To  judge  between  those 
cases  in  which  the  carcass  is  absolutely  unfit  for  food,  and  therefore  to 
be  condemned,  and  those  cases  in  which  the  carcass  may  be  treated 
according  to  methods  which  will  destroy  the  remaining  but  undiscov- 
ered parasites,  thus  rendering  the  meat  fit  for  food,  is  a  point  upon 
which  the  expert  meat  inspector  must  decide. 

To  follow  up  the  example  cited,  let  us  examine  the  effects  of  co!4 
storage,  cooking,  and  salting.  It  is  evident  that  the  method  chosen 
must  depend  upon  the  facilities  at  hand.  At  a  large  abattoir  any  of 
these  methods  might  be  followed,  but  at  a  small  country  slaughter- 
house the  choice  would  be  restricted. 

Cold  storage. — Experiment  shows  that  the  parasite  under  discussion 
( Cysticercus  bovis)  dies  about  two  to  thfee  weeks  after  the  death  of  its 
host.  Three  weeks  of  cold  storage  would  therefore  render  a  light 
infection  of  this  kind  absolutely  harmless,  and  the  meat  could  safely 
be  placed  on  the  block.  With  the  disease  known  as  pork  measles  the 
parasites  live  for  a  month  or  more,  so  that  more  care  would  be  neces- 
sary in  dealing  with  it. 

Cooking. — Many  of  the  abattoirs  voluntarily  tank  for  canning  certain 
meats  of  inferior  quality.  The  heat  to  which  these  meats  are  subjected 
is  not  so  great  as  that  used  in  tanking  for  fertilizers,  but  as  Cysticercus 
bovis  can  not  survive  a  temperature  of  140°  F.  (see  p.  81)  for  five  min- 
utes, and  as  the  meats  tanked  for  canning  are  thoroughly  cooked,  it 
may  safely  be  asserted  that  a  light  case  of  "beef  measles"  would  be 
rendered  perfectly  harmless  by  the  cooking  preparatory  to  canning. 

The  same  applies  to  cases  of  trichinosis.  The  parasite  of  this  disease 
can  not  withstand  a  heat  of  70°  C.  (=158°  F.),  so  that  if  trichinous 
pork  is  cooked  until  the  entire  piece  has  reached  this  temperature  and 
assumed  a  light-gray  color,  the  disease  is  rendered  nontransmissible 
to  man. 

Salting. — The  parasite  of  "beef  measles  "is  killed  in  twenty-four  hours 
by  the  action  of  salt  solution,  and  we  have  found  no  case  where  the 
parasite  of  trichinosis  has  been  able  to  withstand  four  months  in  the 
"pickling  vats."  In  both  of  these  cases  it  must  be  remembered  that  it 
takes  some  time  for  the  salt  to  thoroughly  permeate  the  tissue.  It 
5257— No.  19 2 


18  INSPECTION    OF    MEATS    FOR    ANIMAL    PARASITES. 

would  accordingly  not  be  safe  to  assume  that  in  a  piece  of  measly  beef 
which  had  been  placed  in  brine  for  twenty-four  hours  the  parasites  had 
been  killed.  The  length  of  time  necessary  to  guaranty  the  result  is,  of 
course,  dependent  upon  the  size  of  the  piece  of  meat. 

Selling  infected  meats  under  declaration. — While  the  large  abattoirs 
have  means  at  their  command  by  which  cases  of  light  infection  may  be 
rendered  noninfectious,  the  smaller  slaughterhouses  are  at  more  of  a 
disadvantage  in  this  respect.  Cooking  and  salting  would  be  possible 
for  some — perhaps  all  of  them — while  cold  storage  would  often  be  out 
of  the  question. 

In  this  connection,  it  will  be  interesting  to  study  for  a  moment  a  sys- 
tem which  is  quite  extended  in  certain  parts  of  Europe.  Reference  is 
made  to  the  German  "  Freibank"  or  u Finnenbarik."  Under  this  system 
certain  meats  of  inferior  quality  are  allowed  to  be  placed  on  the  market 
under  given  conditions.  One  of  these  conditions  is  that  they  must  be 
sold  in  a  specified  meat  stall  or  counter,  known  as  the  "FreibanTc"  or 
"Finnenbanlc,"  where  the  true  nature  of  the  meat  must  be  made  known 
to  the  purchaser.  Naturally,  such  meats  are  sold  at  a  lower  price  than 
the  meats  offered  in  open  market,  thus  enabling  many  of  the  poorer 
classes  to  purchase  meat  who  can  not  afford  to  pay  the  regular  prices. 
Meats  which  are  absolutely  dangerous  from  a  sanitary  standpoint  are, 
of  course,  excluded  from  these  special  meat  counters,  and  in  some 
instances  the  law  requires  that  even  these  meats  of  inferior  quality, 
which  are  harmful  in  some  cases,  though  not  dangerous,  must  be  ren- 
dered harmless  before  being  sold. 

In  the  United  States  inspected  meats  are,  generally  speaking,  either 
passed  and  allowed  to  go  upon  the  open  market  or  condemned  and  thus 
excluded  from  the  market.  The  German  system  of  the  "  Freibank"  prac- 
tically results  in  dividing  the  meats  into  three1  classes,  namely,  first, 
meats  which  may  be  sold  in  open  market — good  or  first-class  meats 

1  Strictly  speaking,  the  Imperial  German  law  of  May  14,  1879,  divides  meats  into 
five  classes,  as  follows : 

"  1.  Good  or  first-class  wares  which  may  be  placed  upon  the  open  market  without 
restrictions.  This  corresponds  to  the  '  bankwiirdiges  Fleisch'  of  the  South  German 
meat  inspection  regulations. 

"2.  Meat  which  may  be  placed  upon  the  market  under  declaration  and  sold 
as  'spoiled  (or  waste)  goods  in  the  sense  of  the  food  laws.'  Other  disposition 
of  this  meat  (as  use  in  one's  own  family  or  presentation  to  other  persons),  is  not 
prevented  by  law.  This  meat  is  called  ' mchtbankwiirdiges  Fleisch'  in  the  older 
regulations. 

"3.  Meat  which  is  unconditionally  dangerous  or  injurious  to  health,  the  use  of 
which,  under  any  condition,  as  food  for  man,  even  use  in  one's  own  family,  presen- 
tation to  other  people,  or  permitting  it  to  be  taken  away,  etc.,  is  forbidden  by  law. 
This  meat  must  be  disposed  of  in  such  a  way  as  to  render  it  harmless. 

"4.  Meat  which  is  injurious  to  health  under  certain  conditions,  but  which  can  be 
rendered  harmless  by  proper  manipulation,  such  as  cooking,  sterilizing,  pickling, 
etc.  After  the  meat  has  been  rendered  harmless  it  may  be  placed  on  the  market  as 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE   19 

("gute  oder  tadellose  Ware,"  of  North  Germany,  "  bankwiirdiges  Fleisch," 
of  South  Germany,  also  called  "bankmassig"  or  "  ladenrem  ") ;  a  second 
class  of  meats  which  may  be  sold  only  under  declaration  of  their  true 
character,  in  many  cases  only  after  having  been  cooked  or  salted  under 
official  supervision  ("nichtbankwiircl/ig,"  "  nichtbankrnassig,"  "  nidi tla den- 
rein  ") ;  a  third  class  of  meats  which  are  unconditionally  condemned,  and 
therefore  excluded  from  the  market. 

History  of  the  "Freibank." — The  system  of  the  German  "Freibank" 
and  compulsory  declaration  of  the  condition  of  inferior  meats  is  very 
old.  The  municipal  laws  of  Augsburg  in  1276  prescribed  that  inferior 
meat  should  not  be  sold  without  giving  notice  as  to  its  quality.  In 
1404  the  municipal  laws  of  Wimpfen  provided  that  the  "Freibank" 
(from  the  German  ufrei,"  free,  here  in  the  sense  of  unconnected  or 
separated,  and  "Bank,"  a  counter  or  stall)  should  be  situated  three 
paces  away  from  the  regular  counters.  The  u  Freibank"  (free  stall) 
was,  therefore,  one  which  was  free  or  separate  from  the  regular  coun- 
ters. The  term  "Finnenbank"  is  sometimes  used  for  these  special  meat 
stalls  because  the  measly  meat  (" finniges  Fleisch")  especially  is  sold 
at  these  places.  This  system  of  "Freibank"  has  been  extended  to 
most  of  the  slaughterhouses  of  Germany,  and  is  rapidly  extending  in 
France,  Belgium,  and  Italy. 

The  economic  importance  of  the  system  is  seen  from  the  following 
statistics  taken  from  Ostertag: 

In  the  Kingdom  of  Saxony  in  1892,  0.25  per  cent  of  the  animals 


spoiled  (or  waste)  meat,  in  the  sense  of  the  food  law.     In  regard  to  selling  this  kind 
of  meat  raw  compare  the  legal  decisions : 

"  An  explicit  statement  by  the  seller  that  the  meat,  which  is  rendered  harmless  by  cooking,  is  to  be 
eaten  only  when  cooked  protects  the  merchant  from  penalty."  (Urt.  IV,  v.  II,  7,  1884.) 

"A  simple  statement  regarding  the  tin  wholesome  condition  of  the  meat  on  the  part  of  the  merchant 
to  the  purchaser  does  not,  however,  render  the  former  free  from  penalty,  for  the  danger  to  the  com- 
munal interests  of  the  act  is  not  thereby  obviated."  (Urt.,  v.  15,  1  and  29,  9,  1885.) 

"5.  Finally,  there  should  be  recognized  meat  which  is  spoiled  beyond  use  [liter- 
ally, spoiled  in  high  degree],  i.  e.,  meats  which,  though  not  unwholesome,  have  lost 
their  value  as  food  for  man  because  of  extensive  changes  in  the  tissue  (for  example, 
watery  meat,  meat  and  organs  which  are  heavily  infested  with  parasites,  etc.). 
Such  meats  are  to  be  judged  as  'unfit  for  food,'  and  can  be  looked  upon  as  'spoiled 
in  the  sense  of  sec.  367  of  the  penal  code,  and  offering  for  sale  and  selling  such 
meats  are  plainly  forbidden  by  this  paragraph.  Their  use  in  the  household  of  the 
owner  can  not,  however,  be  forbidden  on  grounds  of  the  Imperial  regulations.  In 
order  to  prevent  underhand  traffic  with  such  meat,  it  is  provided  that  meat  which  is 
spoiled  beyond  use  is  to  be  entirely  excluded  from  the  market,  except  in  such  cases  as 
portions  of  the  same,  such  as  the  fat  in  heavily  infected  cases  of  pork  measles,  can 
be  used  for  food. 

"In  meat  wares  we  further  distinguish  imitations  [nachgemachte]  (meats  which  are 
treated  in  such  a  way  as  to  appear  different  from  what  they  really  are,  Urt.  I,  v. 
15,  5,  1882),  and  adulterations  \_rerfal8chte~]  (meats  which  do  not  possess  those  qual- 
ities which  they  are  supposed  to  possess  in  reliable  traffic). 

"•I  will  call  attention  to  the  fact  that  the  expert  must  use  the  word  'spoiled' 
[verdorben]  only  in  the  legal  sense  and  not  in  the  sense  of  decomposed  meat,  for  decom- 
posing [faulende]  meat  is  injurious  to  health." — OSTERTAG,  1895,  pp.  100,101,  et  al.. 


20 


INSPECTION    OF    MEATS    FOR    ANIMAL    PARASITES. 


slaughtered  for  food  were  unconditionally  condemned,  while  0.42  per 
cent  of  the  animals  slaughtered  were  sold  at  the  "Freibanlc." 

In  Leipzig  during  1891  the  meat  of  604  cattle,  80  calves,  28  sheep, 
983  hogs,  and  104  pieces,  representing  a  total  weight  of  271,608  kilo 
grams  (about  543,216  pounds),  was  used  by  the  "Freibank." 

The  average  receipts  per  pound  for  the  first  quality  meats  and  for  the 
meat  sold  at  the  "Freibank"  after  deducting  fees  were  as  follows: 


First  quality. 


Bt-ef. . . . 
Veal.... 
Mutton 
Pork  ... 


Freibank. 


Price. 


57. 6  pfennige,  about  $0. 144 
55.  5  pfonnige,  about     .  138f 
58.  8  pf'eiinige,  about     .  147 
61.  0  pt'ennige,  about     .  152$ 


Price. 


53.  g  pfennige,  about  $0. 134J 

Veal j    44. 2  pfennige,  about     .  1 10J 

Mutton '    54.5  pfennige,  about     .  136J 

Pork ;     57. 4  pfenuige,  about     .  143J 


Ostertag  (1896)  has  recently  published  a  detailed  compilation  giving 
the  data  concerning  the  sale  of  measly  beef  in  38  cities  in  Germany. 
At  first  there  was  great  prejudice  against  the  meat,  so  that  in  some 
cases  the  price  fell  to  2£  cents  per  pound;  but  as  this  prejudice  wore  off 
the  price  went  up  6,  8,  and  10  cents  per  pound.  In  some  places  the 
demand  for  this  cheaper  meat  is  greater  than  the  supply. 

Objections  to  the  " Freibank"  have  been  raised  by  some  parties,  but 
we  are  unable  to  see  wherein  this  system  is  unfair  either  to  the  dealer 
or  to  the  purchaser,  for  no  one  is  obliged  to  buy  this  meat  who  does 
not  wish  to  do  so,  while  anyone  who  wishes  a  cheaper  class  of  moat 
can  purchase  it  at  the  "Freibank"  with  the  full  knowledge  of  the  condi- 
tion of  the  meat  he  is  buying.  It  is  perfectly  safe  to  use  the  meat 
when  thoroughly  cooked,  and  the  dealer  is  able  to  economize  in  his 
business.  We  take  the  decided  stand,  however,  that  it  is  far  better  to 
subject  all  of  these  meats  to  thorough  cooking  or  other  methods  of 
safeguarding  before  they  are  placed  upon  the  market. 

PARASITIC   WORMS   OF   CATTLE,   SHEEP,   AND   SWINE. 

The  term  "cattle"  in  this  report  is  used  in  the  American  sense  of  the  word,  i.  e., 
for  the  species  known  zoologically  as  Bos  taunts,  the  only  bovine  animal  at  present 
slaughtered  in  this  country.  Other  animals  also  are  known  under  the  terms  cattle, 
bulls,  etc.,  in  some  countries,  and  a  few  parasites  found  in  these  animals  are  men- 
tioned briefly  in  this  report.  These  parasites  are  cited  because  the  same  species,  or 
at  least  the  same  genera,  are  likely  to  infest  Bos  taunts  sooner  or  later. 

The  term  "sheep,"  as  used  here,  refers  to  the  only  species  of  sheep  slaughtered  in 
the  United  States,  i.  e.,  Ovis  aries. 

The  terms  "hog,"  "pig,"  and  "swine"  refer  to  the  only  species  of  domesticated 
swine  found  in  this  country,  i.  e.,  Sus  scro/a  domestica. 

The  parasitic  worms  found  in  cattle,  sheep,  and  bogs  belong  to  two 
different  zoological  groups,  known  as  Flat  worms  (Plathelminthes)  and 


FLUKES  4ND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,   SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.       21 

Kound  worms  (Nemathelminthes).    The  Flat  worms  aloiie  are  discussed 

in  this  report. 

FLAT  WORMS  (Class  PlatJielminthes'). 

The  Flat  worms  include  at  present  five  orders,  only  two  of  which,  namely,  the 
flukes  (Trematoda)  and  the  tapeworms  (Cestoda),  are  discussed  in  this  report. 

FLUKES,  OB  TREMATODES. — The  flukes  found  in  cattle,  sheep,  and 
swine  vary  in  size  from  a  few  lines  to  4  inches  in  length  and  from 
one  or  more  lines  to  an  inch  or  more  in  breadth.  They  are  found  in  the 
liver,  lungs,  intestine,  and  body  cavity,  and  occasionally  in  other  parts 
of  the  body.  None  of  the  species  found  in  cattle,  sheep,  or  swine  are 
directly  transmissible  from  these  animals  to  man,  although  three  of  the 
species  occasionally  infest  man.  At  least  two  of  the  species  render  the 
organs  in  which  they  occur  unfit  for  food  when  present  in  numbers; 
they  also  injure  the  animals  to  a  greater  or  less  degree,  although  the 
extent  of  injury  in  cattle  has  possibly  been  overestimated;  one  form  is 
particularly  injurious  to  sheep. 

TAPEWORMS,  OR  CESTODES. — Cestodes  occur  as  larval  forms  (blad- 
der worms)  or  as  adult  forms  (tapeworms,  strobilae}. 

Larval  tapeworms.— The  larvae,  or  bladder  worms  (Cystieercus,  Coenu- 
rus,  Ecliinococcm],  are  found  in  the  liver,  lungs,  brain,  muscles,  or  other 
organs  except  the  intestinal  tract,  and  do  not  reach  maturity  until  they 
are  transmitted  to  meat-eating  animals.  The  most  important  bladder 
worms  considered  in  this  report  are :  (1)  The  Beef-measle  Bladder  Worm, 
and  (2)  the  Porlc-measle  Bladder  Worm,  both  of  which  develop  into  tape- 
worms in  man;  (3)  the  Grid  Bladder  Worm,  which  causes  gid,  or  turn- 
sick,  in  sheep;  and,  (4)  the  Hydatid,  which  causes  hydatid  disease  in 
man  and  various  domesticated  and  wild  animals.  When  eaten  by  dogs 
the  two  latter  bladder  worms  develop  into  Adult  tapeworms. 

Adult  tapeworms. — Several  different  species  are  found  in  the  intes- 
tine of  cattle  and  sheep.  They  injure  their  hosts,  but  are  not  trans- 
missible to  man  in  any  stage  of  their  development. 

The  following  key  will  aid  the  reader  in  determining  the  various 
flukes  and  tapeworms  discussed  in  this  report.  A  certain  amount  of 
technical  knowledge  is  valuable  in  the  use  of  this  key,  which  is  based 
upon  zoological  characters.  Some  liberty  has,  however^  been  taken 
with  the  anatomical  characters  in  order  to  make  the  key  as  simple  as 
possible;  and  it  is  believed  that  most,  if  not  all,  of  the  forms  mentioned 
can  be  more  or  less  definitely  determined  by  comparing  the  key,  espe- 
cially the  habitat  given  for  each  form,  with  the  figures  of  the  parasites, 
even  if  one  is  unable  to  follow  the  more  technical  statements. 

KEY  TO  THE  FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE. 

[For  the  species  thus  far  positively  known  to  have  been  found  in  North  America,  follow  Koman  type. 
As  the  characters  given  are  confined  to  the  forms  discussed  in  this  report,  this  key  should  not 
he  relied  upon  to  classify  the  parasites  of  other  animals.] 

(1)  Parasitic  in  the  liver,  lungs,  pancreas,  veins,  abdominal  cavity,  or  intestine  of 
cattle,  sheep,  and  swine,  more  rarely  encysted  in  muscles  of  swine.  Upseg- 
mented  Flat  worms;  intestinal  tube  present;  anus  absent;  mouth  with  one 
sucker Flukes,  2. 


22  INSPECTION    OF    MEATS    FOR   ANIMAL    PARASITES. 

Parasitic  in  the  intestine,  more  rarely  in  bile  ducts,  as  adult  segmented  worms; 
or  in  the  liver,  lungs,  muscles,  etc.,  as  unsegmented  bladder  worms.  Intestinal 
tube  absent ;  head  with  four  suckers -Tapeworms,  14. 

FLUKES. 
(Trematoda.) 

(2)  Parasitic  in  liver,  lungs,  pancreas,  veins,  or  abdominal  cavity  of  cattle,  sheep, 

or  swine,  rarely  encysted  in  muscles  of  swine.     Ventral  sucker  (acetabulum) 

on  anterior  half  of  body Fasciolidae,  3. 

Parasitic  in  intestinal  tract  or  gall  ducts  of  sheep,  cattle,  zebu,  gayal,  or  buffalo. 
Ventral  sucker  (acetabulum)  at  posterior  extremity Amphistomidae,  9. 

Fasciolidae. 

(3)  Parasitic  in  liver,  lungs,  pancreas,  or  abdominal  cavity  of  cattle,  sheep,  or  swine, 

more  rarely  encysted  in  muscles  of  swine.     Hermaphrodites Fasciolinae,  4. 

Parasitic  in  the  blood  of  cattle  and  sheep;  eggs  found  forming  egg  tumors  in 
genito-urinary  tract  or  colon.  Sexes  separate Schislosominae,  8. 

Fasciolinae. 

(4)  Parasitic  in  liver,  lungs,  pancreas,  or  abdominal  cavity.     Mature  flukes,  or  forms 

in  which  the  genital  organs  are  developed  to  an  extent  which  permits  of  a 
determination  of  the  genus.  Acetabulum  sessile;  genital  pore  between  oral 

sucker  and  acetabulum ;  oral  sucker  unarmed 5. 

Encysted  in  muscles  of  swine,  very  rare.  Must  not  be  mistaken  for  trichinae.  Imma- 
ture fluke,  in  ivhich  the  organs  do  not  permit  of  a  determination  of  the  genus.  Body 
(fig.  1)  0.5  mm.  long,  elliptical,  grayish,  transparent;  oral  sucker  terminal;  ventral 
sucker  mar  the  middle  of  the  body  ;  pharynx  followed  by  a  short  oesophagus  and  1w<> 
simple  intestinal  caeca,  ivhich  extend  slightly  beyond  the  middle  of  the  body  ;  in  front 
of  acetabulum  are  four  large  unicellular  glands  with  rather  long  ducts,  extending  to 
oral  sucker  ;  three  primordial  genital  glands  in  distal  half  of  body  ;  terminal  excre- 
tory canal  median,  branching  immediately  distal  of  testicles. 

The  Muscle  Fluke  of  Swine  (Agamodistomum  suis),  p.  28. 

(5)  Parasitic  in  liver,  lungs,  rarely  abdominal  cavity  of  cattle,  sheep,  or  swine.     Body 

large,  shaped  like  a  flat  fish,  dark  colored;  intestinal  caeca,  testicles  and  ovary 
profusely  branched;  freshly  laid  egg  does  not  contain  embryo. 

Fascicles  (Fasciola),  6. 

Parasitic  in  liver  or  pancreas  of  cattle,  sheep,  or  swine.  Body  smaller;  intestinal  caeca 
very  simple,  long,  tubular,  extending  beyond  acetabulum  to  posterior  portion  of 
body;  oesophagus  comparatively  short;  genital  pore  at  bifurcation  of  intestine;  tes- 
ticles two,  may  be  slightly  lobate,  near  acetabulum;  ovary  posterior  of  and  smaller 
than  testicle,  but  anterior  of  transverse  rifello-dnct;  ovary  and  testicles  anterior  of 
mass  of  uterine  coils  which  extend  to  posterior  end  of  the  body. 

Dicrocoeles  (Dicrocoelium),  1. 
Fascicles  (Fasciola). 

(6)  Parasitic  in  liver  or  lungs  of  cattle.     Body  (figs.  28-30)  flesh-colored,  very  large 

aud  thick,  20  to  100  mm.  long  by  11  to  26  mm.  broad;  anterior  conical  portion 
not  very  distinct  from  posterior  portion ;  posterior  extremity  bluntly  rounded  ; 
vitellogene  glands  situated  ventrally  of  intestine;  oesophagus  generally  one 
and  one-half  times  as  long  as  pharynx;  eggs  109  to  168  //  by  75  to  96  //. 

The  Large  American  Fluke  (F.  magna),  p.  49. 

Parasitic  in  liver  or  lungs  of  cattle,  sheep,  hogs,  etc.  Body  (figs.  2  and  3)  18  to 
51  mm.  long  (occasionally  longer)  by  4  to  13  mm.  broad;  anterior  conical  por- 
tion generally  very  distinctly  bounded  from  posterior  portion;  posterior  ex- 
tremity bluntly  pointed;  vitellogene  glands  both  dorsal  and  ventral  of  intes- 
tine; oesophagus  rarely  one  and  one-half  times  as  long  as  the  pharynx;  egg 
105  to  145  /.i  by  63  to  90  // The  Common  Liver  Fluke  (/'.  hepalica),  p.  29. 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.   23 

Parasitic  in  liver  of  Senegal  cattle.  Body  (figs.  28  and  24)  26  to  38  mm.  long  by  6  to 
8  mm.  broad,  flat,  Hnguiform,  sides  of  posterior  portion  nearly  parallel  for  some 
distance  but  tapering  toward  posterior  extremity;  ventral  sucker  large  and  promi- 
nent; egg  143  to  151  /.i  by  82  to  88  n. 

The  Narrow  Liver  Fluke  (F.  hepatica  angusta),  p.  48. 

Parasitic  in  the  Indian  buffalo  (Bos  bubalis)  and  cattle  (Bos  taurus).  Body  (figs. 
25  and  26)  25  to  31  mm.  long  by  6  to  8  mm.  broad;  sides  of  body  nearly  parallel  for 
some  distance;  posterior  extremity  somewhat  rounded. 

The  Egyptian  Liver  Fluke  (F.  hepatica  aegyptiaca),  p.  48. 

Parasitic  in  the  liver  of  giraffes  and  cattle  (f).  Body  (fig.  27)  75  mm.  long  by  5  to  12 
mm.  broad,  flat,  oblong,  lanceolate;  anterior  extremity  cylindrical,  attenuate;  pos- 
terior extremity  obtuse;  sides  nearly  parallel  for  greater  part  of  length;  oral  sucker 
1.12  mm.  in  diameter,  ventral  sucker  somewhat  larger;  oesophagus  extends  nearly  to 
acetabttlum;  S  to  10  lateral  brandies  to  each  intestinal  caecum;  other  organs  agree 
with  F.  hepatica The  Giant  Fluke  ( F.  gigantica),  p.  49. 

Dicrocoeles  (Dicrocot'lium). 

(7)  Parasitic  in  liver  of  cattle,  sheep,  and  swine.     Body  (figs.  36  and  37)  lancet  form,  4  to 

10  mm.  long  by  1  to  2. 5  mm.  broad;  anterior  end  much  more  attenuate  than  posterior 
end;  semitr  an  spar  ent,  spotted  brown  by  eggs;  cuticle  without  spines;  oral  sucker 
0.5mm.  in  diameter ,  subterminal ;  ventral  sucker  0.6  mm.  in  diameter,  one-fifth  the 
length  of  body  back  of  mouth  ;  mouth  followed  by  an  oesophagus  which,  about  halfway 
between  oral  sucker  and  acetabulum,  immediately  in  front  of  cirrus  pouch,  branches 
into  tico  simple  intestinal  caeca;  the  latter  extend  one  each  side  to  about  the  posterior 
quarter  of  the  body  ;  cirrus  pouch  present;  cirrus  long,  filiform,  straight;  testicles 
lobed,  one  posterior  to  the  other,  and  situated  immediately  posterior  of  acetabulum; 
uterus  sinuous,  very  long,  extending  backward  beyond  the  end  of  the  intestine  to  pos- 
terior portion  of  body,  then  running  forward  in  loops  to  genital  pore,  and  rendered 
prominent  by  presence  of  brown  eggs;  vitellogene  glands  in  marginal  portion  of 
middle  third  of  body ;  eggs  (fig.  38)  40  to  45  jj,  by  30  /.i,  containing  embryo  at  time 

of  ovipont The  Lancet  Fluke  (D.  lanceatum),  p.  55. 

Parasitic  in  pancreas  of  "  cattle,"  Indian  buffalo,  and  sheep,  in  Asia.  Body  (fig.  40) 
somewhat  similar  to  the  common  fluke  but  proportionally  broader  and  more  pointed 
at  distal  extremity ;  S  to  15  mm.  long  by  5  mm.  broad;  blood  red  in  color ;  cuticle 
without  spines;  oral  sucker  subterminal;  ventral  sucker  slighfly  larger  than  oral 
sucker,  one-third  the  length  of  the  body  back  of  the  mouth;  pharynx,  oesophagus, 
and  intestines  about  the  same  as  in  D.  lanceatum;  cirrus-pouch pyriform ;  testicles 
irregularly  lobed,  in  lateral  portion  of  median  field,  on  same  transverse  plane,  near 
acetabulum;  uterus  of  similar  type  to  that  of  D.  lanceatum;  vitellogene  glands 
only  about  one-fifth  as  long  as  body,  situated  in  marginal  portion  of  middle  third; 
eggs  ovoid,  thick  shelled,  44  JLI  to  49  /.i  by  23  /.i  to  30  JLI. 

The  Pancreatic  Fluke  (Z>.  pancreaticum),  p.  57. 

Blood  Flukes  (Family  Schistosominae ;  Genus  Schistosoma). 

[Acetabulum  peuduculate;  intestinal  caeca  unite  or  anastomose  distal  of  acetabn- 
luui ;  male  shorter,  thicker,  and  broader  than  female,  the  margins  curling  ventrally 
to  form  canal  for  filiform  female ;  testicular  complex  consists  of  a  double  series  of 
four  or  more  sacular  bodies.] 

(8)  Parasitic  (fig.  41)  in  blood  of  man  and  cattle  (?).     Male  4  to  14  mm.  long  by  1 

mm.  broad;  female  attains  13  to  20  mm.  long  by  0.28  mm.  broad  by  0.21  mm. 
thick ;  eggs  ovoid  to  fusiform  120  to  197  /u  long  by  40  to  73  //  broad. 

The  Human  Blood  Fluke  (S.  haematobium),  p.  58. 

Parasitic  (fig.  45)  in  blood  of  cattle.  Body  thicker  than  the  Human  Blood  Flukes;  the 
dorsal  surface  of  the  inner  fold  of  the  male  is  provided  with  a  longitudinal  groove 
(fig.  46)  into  which  the  end  of  the  outer  fold  extends;  eggs  fusiform,  160  to  ISO  /*  by 
40  to  50  ft The  Bovine  Blood  Fluke  (S.  bods),  p.  60. 


24  INSPECTION    OF    MEATS    FOB   ANIMAL    PARASITES. 

Amphistomes  (Amphistornidae). 

(9)  Parasitic  in  intestinal  tract  or  gall  ducts  of  sheep,  cattle,  zebu,   and  gayal. 

Pharynx  without  lateral  sacs 10. 

Parasitic  in  intestinal  tract  of  zebu  and  gayal.  Pharynx  with  two  lateral  sac*;  the 
greater  part  of  the  ventral  surface  of  posterior  portion  of  body  is  covered  with 
numerous  papillae Homalogaster,  13. 

(10)  Parasitic  in  intestinal  tract  or  gall  ducts  of  sheep,  cattle,  and  zebu.     Ventral 

pouch  very  small  or  absent True  Amphistomes  (Amphistoma),  11. 

Parasitic  in  intestinal  tract  of  cattle,  zebu,  gayal,  and  Indian  buffalo.  Ventral 
pouch  large,  extending  to  posterior  portion  of  body. 

Pouched  Amphistomes  (GastrothylasJ,  12. 

True  Amphistomes  (Amphistoma). 

(11)  Parasitic  in  rumen  of  sheep  and  cattle.     Body  (figs.  49  and  50)  4  to  13  mm.  long 

by  1  to 3 mm.  broad;  conical, pinkish  white.  .The Conical  Fluke  (A.  cervi),  p.  64. 
Parasitic  in  gall  bladder  and  hepatic  ducts  of  zebu.     Body  lanceolate,  8  to  10  mm. 
long  by  3  to  4  mm.  broad,  rather  similar  to  the  Conical  Fluke,  but  somewhat  flat- 
tened dorso-ventrally A.  explanatum,  p.  67. 

Parasitic  in  stomacji  of  zebu.  Body  (fig.  56)  somewhat  similar  to  A.  cervi,  but  more 
oval,  and  somewhat  flattened  dorso-rentrally  ;  about  11  mm.  long  by  6.6  mm.  broad. 

A.  bothriophorum,  p.  67. 
Pouched  Amphistomes  (Gastrothylax). 

(12)  Parasitic  in  stomach  of  zebu  and  cattle.     Body  (figs.  57-62)  reddish  brown  to  grayish 

green,  9  to  15  mm.  long  by  4  to  5  mm.  broad G.  crumenifer,  p. 67. 

Parasitic  in  stomach  of  gayal.  Body  (fig.  63)  pyriform,  10  mm.  long  by  5  mm.  broad 

at  posterior  extremity G.  Cobboldii,  p.  67. 

Parasitic  in  stomach  of  gayal  and  zebu.  Body  attains  (fig.  64)  20mm.  long  by  4  mm. 

broad  ;  intestine  only  half  as  long  as  body G.  elongatum,  p.  67. 

Parasitic  in  stomach  of  Indian  buffalo.  .Body  (figs.  65  and  66)  deep  red,  cylindrical  to 

conical,  attains  7  to  10  mm.  long  by  2  to  2.5  mm.  broad G.  gregarius,  p.  67. 

Homalogaster. 

(13)  Parasitic  in  caecum  of  gayal.     Body  (fig.  67)  lanceolate;  testicles  small. 

•  H.  paloniae,  p.  67. 

Parasitic  in  caecum  of  "cattle"  (=  (?)  zebu).     Body  —  mm.  long;  oral  sucker  with 

digitate  papillae;  testicles  lateral  and  divided  into  two  equal  lobes  with  irregular 

contours,  so  that  there  appear  to  be  four  testicular  masses H.  Poirieri,  p. 67. 

TAPKWOKMS. 

(Cestoda.) 

(14)  Larval  tapeworms  or  bladder  worms  (figs.  68,  76,  84,  97,  and   105)  parasitic  in 

muscles,  liver,  lungs,  etc.,  but  not  in  lumen  of  intestinal  tract;  the  head, 
which  is  generally  provided  with  hooks,  lies  inside  the  cyst;  body  unseg- 
mented,  generally  surrounded  by  a  cyst  of  connective  tissue ;  no  genital  organs 
developed ;  these  forms  become  adult  in  man  and  carnivorous  animals,  and  are 
of  great  importance  from  the  standpoint  of  meat  inspection. ..  Taeniinae,  15. 
Adult  tapeworms  (fig.  lit),  found  in  the  intestine  of  cattle,  sheep,  and  swine  ( ?), 
or  in  gall  ducts  of  sheep Anoplocephalinae,  18. 

Bladder  Worms,  or  Larval  Tapeworms  (Hard-shelled  Tapeworms,  Subfamily  Taeniinae; 

Genus  Taeuia). 

(15)  Parasitic  in  muscles,  abdomin  >1  cavity,  lungs,  and  liver.     One  head  in  each 

cyst Bladder  Worms  ( Cysticercus),  16. 

Parasitic  in  any  organ  of  body  except  intestine,  most  frequent  in  liver,  lungs, 
and  brain.  Numerous  heads  may  be  present 17. 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP.  AND  SWINE.       25 
Bladder  Worms  (Cysticercus). 

(16)  Parasitic  in  cattle;  found  in  the  muscles,  especially  those  of  mastication,  more 

rarely  in  lungs  or  liver.     Body  (fig.  68)  spherical  to  elliptical,  2.5  to  10mm.  long 

-  by  3  mm.  broad;  whitish  to  gray,  with  a  small  yellowish  spot  due  to  the 

invaginated  head;  110  hooks  present;  the  bladder  contains  but  little  liquid. 

Transmissible  to  man Beef  Measle  Bladder  Worm  (1C.  bovis),  p.  71. 

Parasitic  in  swine;  found  in  the  muscles.  Body  (figs.  75  and  76)  ellipsoid,  6  to 
10  mm.  long  by  5  to  10  mm.  broad,  with  a  white  spot  corresponding  to  the 
invaginated  head ;  head  armed  with  a  double  row  of  24  to  32  hooks  of  two  differ- 
ent sizes  (see  description  of  adult,  p.  84) ;  the  bladder  contains  but  little  liquid. 

Transmissible  to  man Pork  Measle  Bladder  Worm  (l  C.  cellulosae),  p.  89. 

Parasitic  in  cattle,  sheep,  and  swine;  young,  stages  in  the  liver,  older  stages 
found  hanging  into  the  body  cavities,  attached  to  omentum,  etc.  Bladder 
(figs.  84,  91,  and  92)  large,  varying  from  size  of  a  pea  to  that  of  a  man's  fist, 
occasionally  attaining  160  mm.  by  60  to  70  mm. ;  neck  long ;  invaginated  head 
armed  with  a  double  row  of  28  to  44  (generally  36  to  38)  hooks,  of  two  sizes 
(see  description  of  adult,  p.  101) ;  the  bladder  contains  considerable  liquid. 
Transmissible  to  dogs,  but  not  to  man. 

The  Thin  Necked  Bladder  Worm  (2  C.  tenuicollis),  p.  96. 

Cocnurus  and  Echinococcus. 

(17)  Parasitic  in  nervous  system,  especially  the  brain,  of  sheep  and  calres.     Bladder  (figs. 

94  and  97)  varies  from  size  of  a  pea  to  that  of  a  hen's  egg,  and  is  composed  of  a 
hydatid  cyst  (cuticle  thin)  which  forms  numerous  small  imaginations  (as  many 
as  500  in  large  specimens),  in  each  of  which  a  head  develops  without  the  forma- 
tion of  brood  capsules  ;  head  armed  with  a  double  row  of  22  to  32  hooks,  of  two 
sizes  (see  description  of.  adult,  p.  101).  Transmissible  to  dogs,  but  not  to  man. 

The  Gid  Bladder  Worm  (2  Coenurus  cerebralis),  p.  108. 

Parasitic  in  any  organ,  particularly  the  liver  and  lungs  of  man,  cattle,  sheep, 
swine,  etc.  Bladder  (figs.  101  and  105)  varies  from  size  of  a  pea  to  that  of 
a  child's  head,  assuming  different  forms,  as  described  on  p.  102;  the  hydatid 
cyst  has  a  thick  laminated  cuticle;  the  heads  are  armed  with  a  double  row 
of  28  to  50  hooks,  of  two  sizes  (see  characters  of  adult,  p.  101),  and  develop  in 
brood  capsules,  which  are  attached  to  the  cyst  wall.  The  adults  develop 
in  dogs,  but  not  in  man.  This  is  the  most  important  parasite  of  meat  inspec- 
tion    The  Echinococcus  Hydatid  (2  Echinococcus  polymorphic),  p.  113. 

Adult  tapeivorms  of  Cattle,  Sheep,  and  Swine  ( ?)  (Subfamily  3  Anoplocephalinae). 

(18)  Posterior  border  of  segments  not  fringed;  parasitic  in  the  intestine 19. 

Posterior  border  of  segments  fringed  (figs.  122  and  124).     Parasitic  in  intestine 

and  bile  ducts  of  sheep.  Genital  pores  double;  strobila  15  to  30  cm.  long;  head 
large,  1.5  mm.  broad,  nearly  square  on  apex  view ;  neck  flat,  broad,  and  short; 
broadest  segments  measure  5  to  8  mm.  wide  by  0.4  to  0.6  mm.  long,  and  are 
situated  about  2  cm.  from  posterior  end,  the  end  segment  showing  a  decided 
tendency  to  become  longer  and  narrower;  gravid  segments  attain  2.2  mm.  in 
thickness;  uterus  single,  transverse,  but  undulate  with  cornucopia-like  egg 
pouches ;  testicles  form  a  band  in  distal  portion  of  median  field ;  horns  of  pyri- 
forin  body  around  embryo  not  developed. 

The  Fringed  Tapeworm  (Thysanosoma  actinioidex),  p.  128. 


1  For  characters  of  the  adult  form  in  man,  see  key,  p.  84. 

2  For  characters  of  the  adult  form  in  dogs,  see  key,  p.  101. 

3  This  key  to  the  adult  forms  is  extremely  artificial,  as  characters   have  been 
selected  which  will  most  easily  enable  a  determination  of  the  Avorms.     For  a  key 
expressing  more  closely  the  true  relations  of  the  forms  to  each  other,  see  Stiles  & 
Hassall,  1893,  p.  88,  and  Stiles,  1896,  p.  214. 


26  INSPECTION    OF    MEATS    FOR    ANIMAL    PARA8ITES. 

(19)  Genital  pores  double,  segments   generally  quite  broad;    pyriform  body  well 

developed.     Parasitic  in  cattle  and  sbeep Moniezia,  20. 

Genital  pores  usually  single,  rarely  double,  and  then  only  in  strobilae,  which  contain 
single-pored  segments  in  the  majority.  Parasitic  in  sheep,  cattle  (?),  and  swine  (:'). 
Strobila  1  to  2  meters  long;  head  0,5  to  1  mm.  broad;  neck  absent  or  present;  most 
of  the  segments  broader  than  lony,  only  the  posterior  segments  longer  than  broad; 
unripe  segments  of  ten  present  a  zigzag  appearance;  largest  segments  ~>  to  6.5  mm. 
broad  by  1  to  3  mm.  long;  testicles  divided  into  two  groups  and  confined  for  tin- 
most  part  to  the  lateral  fields;  uterus  same  as  in  the  Fringed  Tapeworm. 

Giard's  Thysanosoraa  (Th.  Giardi),  p.  129. 

Genital  pores  single;  segments  very  narrow.     Parasitic  in  sheep  and  cattle  (.*). 

Stiievia,  24. 

Moniezia. 

(20)  Interproglottidal  glands  absent Alba  group,  21. 

Intcrproglottidal  glands  linear  (fig.  113) Plauissima  group,  22. 

Interproglottidal  glands  circular,  groups  around  blind  sacs  (tig  118). 

Expansa  group,  23. 

Neck  absent;  head  large,  decidedly  lobed;  strobila  40  cm.  long;  segments  attains  mm. 
in  breadth.  Doubtful  species,  parasitic  in  sheep Moniezia  nullicoUi*. 

(21)  Parasitic  in  sheep.     Strobila  nearly  half  a  meter  long  by  2.5  mm.  broad;  gravid  seg- 

ments may  attain  2.5  mm.  broad  by  5  mm.  long;  genital  pores  in  middle  or  anterior 
half  of  lateral  margin;  cirrus  pouch  about  0.18  mm.  long;  eggs  GO  ju,  pyriform  body 

20  /.(,  horns  end  in  a  knob - Vogt's  Moniezia  (M.  Vogti),  p.  127. 

Parasitic  in  sheep  and  cattle.  Strobila  0.60  to  2.5  meters  long;  head  subquadrangu- 
lar,  1.15  to  1.4mm.  broad;  neck  1.5  to  5.3  mm.  long;  gravid  segments  attain  8  to  14 
mm.  broad  by  2  to  6.5  mm.  long  by  1.5  mm.  thick;  testicles  arranged  in  a  quadrani/le: 
eggs  60  to  88  //,  bulb  of  pyriform  body  16  to  24  ju,  horns  8  to  20  u. 

The  White  Moniezia  ( M.  alba),  p.  127. 

(22)  Parasitic  in  cattle  and  sbeep.     Strobila  (fig.  Ill)  1  to  2  meters  long;  yellowish; 

head  0.4  to  0.9  mm.  broad;  neck  thin,  short  or  long;  segments  always  broader 
than  long;  gravid  segments  attain  12  to  26  mm.  broad  by  1  to  1.75  mm.  long, 
generally  thin  and  flat ;  Interproglottidal  glands  large  and  very  distinct ;  tes- 
ticles arranged  at  first  in  two  triangles,  in  older  segments  in  a  quadrangle; 
400  to  600  testicles  present  in  a  segment ;  eggs  63 /i,  bulb  of  pyriform  body  20  //, 
horns  24  jn The  Flat  Moniezia  ( M.  planissima),  p.  127. 

Parasitic  in  sheep  and  cattle.  Strobila  attains  4  meters  in  length;  head  about  1  mm.; 
neck  2  to  2.5  mm.  long;  suckers  very  distinctly  lobed  and  sharply  separated  from 
neck;  segments  always  broader  than  long;  gravid  segments  may  attain  12  mm.  broad 
by  3  mm.  long  by  2  mm.  thick;  interproglottidal  glands  extremely  indistinct;  eggs 
80  to  85  /<,  pyriform  body  18  /J...  Van  Benedeu's  Mouiezia  (M.  Benedeni),  p.  128. 

Parasitic  in  sheep.  Strobila  1.5  to  2  feet  long;  head  square,  0.9  mm.;  gravid  seg- 
ments attain  8  mm.  broad  by  1.  5  mm.  long  ;  but  the  end  segments  may  measure  r> 
mm.  broad  by  2  mm.  long;  testicles  arranged  in  a  quadrangle;  interproglottidal 
glands  small;  eggs  55  to  65  ju Neumann's  Moniezia  (M.  Neumanni),  p.  128. 

(23)  Parasitic  in  cattle  and  sheep.     Strobila  (fig.  116)  attains  4  to  5  meters  in  length : 

anterior  portion  usually  whitish,  posterior  portion  usually  yellowish;  head 
0.36  to  0.7  mm.  broad;  segments  always  much  broader  than  long,  gravid  seg- 
ments attaining  16  mm.  in  width  and  are  quite  thick;  end  segments  never  as 
long  as  broad;  testicles  usually  arranged  in  a  quadrangle,  rarely  in  two  tri- 
angles except  in  younger  segments;  eggs  50  to  60  //,  bulb  of  pyriform  body 

20  /J. The  Broad  Moniezia  (M.  expansa),  p.  128. 

Parasitic  in  sheep.  Strobila  (fig.  120)  attains  1.6  to  2  meters  in  length;  cream 
to  whitish  in  color;  head  0.6 to 0.7  mm.  broad;  neck  filiform,  2mm.  long;  seg- 
ments generally  broader  than  long,  rarely  over  6  mm.  broad  by  2  mm.  long; 
although  end  segments  are  occasionally  found  which  are  square  or  even  slightly 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.   27 

longer  than  broad;  testicles  usually  arranged  in  two  triangles;  eggs  52  to 
60  u,  bulb  of  pyrifonn  body  20  to  24  //,  horns  12  to  15  /it. 

The  Triangle  Mouiezia  ( M.  triyonophora),  p.  128. 

Stilesia. 

(24)  Strobila  transparent,  whitish  or  grayish  yelloiv,  45  to  60  mm.  Jong,  not  over  2.5  mm. 
broad ;  head  0.5  to  1  mm.  broad;  median  portion  of  median  field  transparent;  two 
lateral  cornucopia-like  egg  pouches  present  in  each  segment. 

The  Globipunctate  Tapeworm  (S.  globipunctata),  p.  130. 

Strobila  attains  nearly  3  meters  in  length,  but  not  ocgr  3  mm.  in  breadth;  head  1.5  to 
2  mm.  broad;  median  field  occupied  lit/  transverse  uterus. 

The  Centripunctate  Tapeworm  (S.  centripunctata),p.  130. 

FLUKES,  OR  TREMATODES  (Order  Trematoda). 

The  following  technical  description  shows  the  systematic  position  and 
general  structure  of  the  flukes  under  discussion: 

[Suborder  Malacocotylea :    Digenea.      Families    Fasciolidae  and  Amphistomidae. 
See  figs.  3,  29,  30,  37,  41,  42, 43,  and  50.] 

With  the  exception  of  the  Blood  Flukes  (Schistosoma),  they  are  all  hermaphrodites. 
They  are  flat  or  conical  worms,  always  longer  than  broad;  on  the  anterior  extremity 
is  situated  the  mouth,  surrounded  by  a  muscular  organ,  known  as  the  oral  sucker 
and  curved  slightly  ventrad.  There  is  a  second  sucker  (the  acetabulum},  which  is 
situated  in  the  median  ventral  line;  in  the  Fasciolidae  the  acetabulum  is  generally 
found  on  the  anterior  half  of  the  body,  while  in  the  family  Amphistomidae  it  is  at 
or  near  the  posterior  extremity.  The  surface  of  the  worms  is  generally  more  or  less 
covered  with  minute  spines,  or  tubercles. 

The  digestive  tract  consists  of  the  mouth,  a  short  oesophagus,  and  two  blind  saca 
(intestinal caeca),  which  represent  the  true  intestine.  The  anterior  portion  of  the 
oesophagus  is  generally  connected  with  the  mouth  by  a  muscular  bulb  (the  pharynx) ; 
the  posterior  extremity  bifurcates,  one  branch  being  connected  with  each  intestinal 
caecum.  The  intestinal  sacs  are  usually  simple  elongated  tubes,  but  in  the  genus 
Fasciola  they  branch  freely  (fig.  29).  In  Schistosoma  the  two  caeca  unite  after  pass- 
ing the  acetabulum.  An  amis  is  never  present. 

Genital  organs. — The  genital  pore  is  in  the  ventral  median  line  in  all  species  here  de- 
scribed, the  male  copulatory  organ  (cirrus  or  penis)  lying  very  close  to  the  female  open- 
ing (vulva).  Male  organs :  A  cirrus  is  frequently  seen  extruded  from  the  genital  pore, 
and  in  those  cases  it  appears  as  a  curved  organ,  varying  in  size  according  to  the  spe- 
cies; usually  the  cirrus  is  invaginated  in  the  cirrus  pouch.  Through  its  center  runs 
a  canal  (the  ductus  ejaculatorlus)  which  receives  the  spermatozoa  from  a  vesicula  semi- 
nails.  The  latter  is  partially  or  entirely  included  in  the  pouch ;  at  its  posterior 
end  it  receives  the  two  vasa  deferentia,  through  which  the  spermatozoa  are  con- 
ducted from  the  testicles.  The  testicles,  generally  two  in  number,  one  right  and  one 
leir,  are  more  or  less  round,  lobed,  or  branched.  Female  organs:  The  vulva  leads 
into  a  canal,  the  anterior  portion  of  which  is  known  as  the  meiraterm;  this  is  con- 
tinued as  the  uterus,  which  forms  more  or  less  numerous  folds  in  the  median  portion 
of  the  body  and  finally  leads  to  the  so-called  shell-gland  which  may  frequently  be 
seen  in  fresh  specimens  (F.  magna  and  others)  as  a  round  body  a  short  distance  pos- 
terior of  the  acetabulum.  In  the  center  of  the  shell  gland  is  a  canal  (the  ootyp),  in 
which  four  canals  (uterus,  oviduct,  Laurer's  canal,  and  vitello-duct)  come  together. 
The  ovary  in  some  species  is  globular,  in  others  branched,  and  connects  with  the 
ootyp  through  the  oviduct.  The  Laurer's  canal  runs  from  the  ootyp  dorsad  in  curves 
and  opens  to  the  exterior  on  the  dorsal  surface;  its  function  is  still  doubtful,  but 


28  INSPECTION    OF    MEATS    FOR    ANIMAL    PARASITES. 

homoiOgically  it  represents  the  uterus  of  restores.  The  ritellogene  (/lands  are  two  in 
number  and  are  situated  laterally  of  the  longitudinal  intestinal  tubes;  they  vary  in 
size  in  different  species,  are  generally  quite  elongated,  and  are  composed  of  numerous 
branches  much  like  a  bunch  of  grapes  in  form,  all  of  which  connect  with  a  longi- 
tudinal vitello-duct  (one  on  each  side  of  the  body);  these  longitudinal  ducts  are  in 
turn  connected  by  a  pair  of  transverse  ducts  which  unite  in  the  median  line,  imme- 
diately posterior  of  the  shell-gland,  to  form  a  common  reservoir;  this  in  turn 
empties  into  the  ootyp  through  the  short  vitello-duct  mentioned  above.  The 
vitellogene  glands  produce  yolk  cells  which  are  associated  with  the  true  ovum  10 
form  the  eggs. 

Excretory  system. — At  or  near  the  posterior  extremity,  generally  somewhat  dorsally, 
is  situated  a  small  pore  (porusexcretorius),  which  leads  into  a  median  terminal  reside; 
this  latter  gives  oft'  longitudinal  branches;  these  in  turn  give  off  secondary  branches 
which  ramify  throughout  the  body,  each  small  branch  ending  in  an  excretory  organ. 

Nervous  system. — A  set  of  ganglia  is  found  at  each  side  of  the  pharynx ;  these  gan- 
glia are  connected  by  a  dorsal  commissure  and  give  off  numerous  nerves  to  various 
parts  of  the  body.  The  largest  nerves  are  the  two  ventral  longitudinal  nerves 
which  run  antero-posteriorly,  and  can  frequently  be  seen  in  fresh  specimens. 

Development. — See  p.  30. 

Cattle  (Bos  taurus)  are  alleged  to  be  infested  with  fifteen  kinds  of 
flukes,  only  two  of  which,  the  Large  American  Fluke  and  the  Common 
Liver  Fluke,  are  positively  known  to  occur  in  the  United  States.  Osier- 
has  found  the  Conical  Fluke  at  Montreal,  where  it  was  not  uncommon ; 
he  also  found  the  same  parasite  in  cattle  in  ^ova  Scotia. 

Sheep  (Ovis  aries)  are  infested  with  five  known  species  of  flukes, 
only  one  of  which,  the  Common  Liver  Fluke,  is  known  to  be  in  the 
United  States;  the  Conical  Fluke,  as  stated  above,  is  found  in  Canada. 

Hogs  (Sus  scrofa  domestica]  harbor  three  known  species  of  flukes,  only 
one  of  which,  the  Common  Liver  Fluke,  is  found  in  the  United  States. 
Willach  (1893)  has  described  a  Monostomum  hepaticum  suis  from  the 
liver  of  hogs;  this  supposed  fluke  is  evidently  a  partially  developed 
bladder  worm  (Cysticercus  tenuicollis)  (see  p.  96). 

DISTOMES  (Flukes  of  the  Family  Fasciolidae). 
Hermaphroditic  Distomes  (Flukes  o,f  the  Subfamily  Fasciolinae). 

AG-AMIC,  OR   IMMATURE,  DISTOMES  (Genus  Agamodistomum). 

This  is  a  purely  artificial  group,  of  biologic  rather  than  systematic  nature.  One 
immature  fluke  is  occasionally  found  encysted  in  the  muscles  of  hogs. 

1.  The  Muscle  Fluke  of  Swine  (Agamodistomum  suis). 

[Fig.  1.] 

SYNONYMY.— Distomum  musculorum  suis  Duncker,  1896. 
BIBLIOGRAPHY. — Duncker  (1896). 

This  small  (0.5  mm.  to  0.7  mm.  long  by  0.2  mm.  broad)  parasite  was 
discovered  in  1881  by  G.  Leuuis  (a  trichina  inspector  in  Saxony),  and 
has  since  been  found  by  several  other  trichina  inspectors  of  Germany. 
As  it  appears  never  to  have  been  biuomially  named,  1  propose  to  call  it 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.       29 

Agamodistomum  stiis.  The  worm  lies  free  or  encysted  in  the  connective 
tissue  between  the  muscle  fibers;  it  is  exceedingly  rare  and  is  of  no 
known  practical  importance  in  meat  inspection,  except  that  in  a  super- 
ficial and  careless  microscopic  examination  it  might  be  mistaken 
for  sarcosporidia,  or  possibly  for  trichinae. 
Nothing  is  known  of  its  life  history,  but  it 
is  supposed  to  be  a  purely  accidental  para- 
site in  swine.  We  are  not  aware  of  its  ever 
having  been  recorded  in  this  country. 

FASCIOLES  (Distomes  of  the  Genus  Fasciola). 

The  genus  Fasciola  contains  the  large,  flounder-like, 
parasites  found  especially  in  the  liver  of  herbivorous 
animals  and  known  under  the  general  term  "  liver 
flukes."  Of  these  Fascicles,  or  "liver  flukes,"  we  find 
two  forms  in  American  cattle  (F.  may-no,  and  F.  hepa- 
tica), one  form  (F.  hepatica)  in  American  sheep,  while 
a  third  form  (F.  Jacksoni1)  has  been  found  in  Xorth 
America,  South  America,  and  in  India  in  the  liver  of 
elephants,  and  a  fourth  form  (F.  giyantica1)  is 
described  by  Cobbold  from  the  liver  of  the  giraffe. 
It  is  quite  generally  admitted  that  these  Fascioles, 
owing  to  their  larger  size,  are  more  harmful  than 
other  flukes. 

Until  a  short  time  ago  it  was  supposed  that  we 
had  but  oue  form  of  fluke  in  American  cattle,  but 
Hassall  (1891)  and  Francis  (1891)  showed,  almost 
simultaneously,  that  two  distinct  forms  are  found, 
one  form  (F.  hepatica)  being  present  in  the  liver, 

very  rarely  in  the  lungs,  the  other  (F.  magna),  a  much  larger  worm,  infestin 
liver  and  lungs. 


PIG.  1.— The  Muscle  Fluke  (Agamo- 
digtomumsuis),  occasionally  found 
in  the  muscle  of  swine.  (After 
Leuckart,  1889,  p.  155,  fig.  86.) 

both 


2.  The  Common  Liver  Fluke  (Fasciola  hepatica)  of  Cattle,  Sheep,  Swine,  etc. 

[Figs.  2-22.] 

For  anatomical  characters,  compare  fig.  3  with  key,  p.  21. 

VERNACULAR  NAMES. — English,  Common  Liver  Fluke;  German, 
Leberegel,  Leberwiirm,  Schafegel;  Dutch,  Botten,  Levencorm;  Dan- 
ish, Faareflynder;  Swedish,  Levermask;  French,  Douve  hepatlque, 
fasciole;  Italian,  Biscuola,  distoma  epatico;  Spanish,  Caracolillo. 
SYNONYMY.  —Fasciola  hepatica  Linnaeus,  1758 ;  Planaria  latius- 
cula  Goeze,  1782;  Distoma  hepaticum  (Linnaeus)  Abildgaard  ( ?) ; 
Fasciola  humana  Gmelin,  1790;  Distoma  (Cladocoelium)  hepaticum 
(Linnaeus)  of  Dujardiu,  1845;  Fasciolaria  hepatica  (Linnaeus) 
anonymous,  1845;  Distomum  hepaticum  (Linnaeus)  Diesing,  1850; 
Distomum  (Fasciola)  hepaticum  Linnaeus  of  Leuckart,  1863; 
Cladocoelium  hepaticum  (Linnaeus)  Stossich,  1892. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY.— For  bibliography,  see  Hassall  (1894)  and  Huber  (1894).  For  more 
technical  discussion  of  species,  see  Leuckart  (1889,  pp.  179-328). 

GEOGRAPHICAL  DISTRIBUTION. — Cosmopolitan. 

HOSTS. — Man,  cattle,  sheep,  swine,  and  other  animals.    (See  pp.  137-143.) 

1  For  a  discussion  of  these  forms,  see  Stiles,  1894-1895. 


FIG.  2.— The  Common 
Liver  Fluke  (Fa»ci- 
olahepatica),  natural 
size  (original). 


30 


INSPECTION    OF    MEATS    FOR    ANIMAL    PARASITES. 


Life  history. -The 
life  cycle  of  this 
fluke,  as  deter- 
mined by  the  in- 
vestigations of 
Creplin  (1837), 
Weinland,  Leuck- 
art  (1863,  1870 
1880,  1881,  1882), 
and  Thomas  (1882, 
1883),  is  exceed- 
ingly interesting; 
at  the  same  time 
it  is  very  compli- 
cated, for  the  adult 
parasite,  instead 
of  producing 
young  similar  to 
itself  and  capa- 
ble of  developing 
directly  int  o  ad  ults 
in  cattle,  produces 
eggs  which  develop 
into  organisms 
totally  different 
from  the  adult 
form  living  a  para- 
sitic life  in  other 
animals.  In  scien- 
tific language,  the 
parasite  is  subject 
to  an  alternation 
of  generations,  to- 
gether with  a 
change  of  hosts. 
Thefollowing  sum- 
mary of  thelifehis 
tory  will  make  this 
point  clear : 

(a)  The  adult  her- 
maphroditic K'0rm(figs. 
2  arid  3),  the  charac- 
ters of  which  are  given 
on  p.  22,  fertilizes  it- 
self (although  a  cross 
fertilization  of  two 
individuals  is  not  im- 
possible)^ the  biliary 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.   31 


passages  of  the  liver,  ami  produces  a  large  number  (estimated  at  37,000  to  45,000) 
of  eggs. 

(6)  Eggs  (figs.  4  and  5). — Each  egg  is  composed  of  the  following  parts:  (1)  A  true 
germ  cell,  which  originates  in  the  ovary  and  is  destined  to  give  rise  to  the  future 
embryo ;  (2)  a  number  of  vitelline  or  yolk  cells,  which  are  formed  in  a  specialized  and 
independent  portion  (vitellogeue  gland)  of  the  female  glands;  instead  of  developing 
into  embryos,  the  yolk  cells  form  a  follicle-like  covering  for  the  true  germ  cell  and  play 
an  important  role  in  the  nutrition  of  the  latter  as  it  undergoes  further  development; 
(3)  a  shell  surrounding  the  germ  cell  and  vitelline  cells,  aud  provided  at  one  end 
with  a  cap  or  operculum.  The  eggs  escape  from  the  uterus  of  the  adult  through  the 
vulva,  are  carried  to  the  intestine  of  the  host  with  the  bile,  then  pass  through  the 

intestines  with  the  contents  of  the  latter,  and 
are   expelled  from  the  host  with  the   faecal 


O— 


,-e 


^ f 


...JC 


FIG.  4.— Egg  of  the  Common  Liver  Fluke 
(Fasciolahepatica)  examined  shortly  after 
it  was  taken  from  the  liver  of  a  sheep ;  at 
one  end  is  seen  the  lid  or  operculum,  o; 
near  itis  the  segmenting  ovum,  e;  therest 
of  the  space  is  occupied  hy  yolk  cells 
which  serve  as  food;  all  are  granular, 
but  only  three  are  thus  drawn.  X  680. 
(After  Thomas,  1883,  p.  281,  fig.  1.) 


FIG.  5.— Egg  of  the  Common  Liver  Fluke 
containing  a  ciliated  emhrj-o  (miraci- 
dium)  ready  to  hatch  out:  d,  remains 
of  food;  e,  cushion  of  jelly-like  sub- 
stance; /,  boring  papilla;  h,  eye-spots; 
fc,  germinal  cells.  X  680.  (After 
Thomas,  1883,  p.  283,  fig.  2.) 


matter.  Many  of  them  become  dried  and  then  undergo  no  further  development, 
but  others  are  naturally  dropped  in  the  water  in  marshes,  or,  being  dropped  on  dry 
ground,  they  are  washed  into  the  water  by  the  rain,  or  are  carried  to  a  more  favorable 
position  by  the  feet  of  animals  pasturing  or  passing  through  the  fields.  After  a 
longer  or  shorter  period  of  incubation,  which  varies  with  the  temperature,  a  cili- 
ated embryo  (miracidium)  is  developed.  At  a  temperature  of  20°  to  26°  C.  the 
miracidium  may  be  formed  in  10  days  to  3  weeks;  at  a  temperature  of  16°  C.  the 
development  takes  2  to  3  months;  at 38°  C.  it  ceases  entirely.  Experiments  have 


32 


INSPECTION    OF    MEATS    FOR   ANIMAL    PARASITES. 


shown  that  as  long  as  these  eggs  remain  in  the  dark  the  miracitlium  will  not  escape 
from  the  eggshell;  accordingly  it  will  not  escape  during  the  night.     When  exposed 

to  the  light,  however,  or  when  suddenly  hrought  into 
contact  with  cold  water,  the  organism  bursts  the  cap 
from  the  eggshell,  crawls  through  the  opening,  and 
becomes  a  — 

(c)  Free-sivimminy  ciliated  miracidium  (fig.  6).  —  As 
already  stated,  this  organism  is  entirely  different  from 
its  mother.  It  measures  about  0.15  mm.  long;  it  is  some- 
what broader  in  its  anterior  portion  than  in  its  pos- 
terior portion  ;  on  its  anterior  extremity  we  find  a  small 
eminence  known  as  a  boring  papilla;  the  exterior 
surface  of  the  young  worm  is  covered  with  numer- 
ous cilia,  which  by  their  motion  propel  the  auimal 
through  the  water;  inside  the  body  we  lind  in  the 
anterior  portion  a  simple  vestigial  intestine  and  a 
double  ganglionic  mass,  provided  with  a  peculiar  pig- 
meuted  double  cup-shaped  eye-spot;  in  the  posterior 
portion  of  the  body  cavity  are  found  a  number  of 
germ  cells,  which  develop  into  individuals  of  the  next 
generation. 

Swimming  around  in  the 
water,  the  miracidium  seeks 
out  certain  snails  (Limnaea 

tnntcatula,  L.  oahuensis,  L.  ru- 

' 
bclla,  see  p.  43),  which  it  im- 

mediately  attacks  (fig.  6).  The 
miracidium  elongates  its  pa- 
pilla  and  fastens  itself  to  the 


FIG.  6.—  Embryo  of  the  Common 
Liver  Fluke  (Fasciola  hepatica) 
boring  into  a  snail,  x  370. 
(After  Thomas,  1883,  p.  285, 
flS-  4-) 


FIG.  7. — Sporocyst  of  the 
Common  Liver  Fluke 
which  has  developed 
from  the  embryo,  and 
contains  germinal  cells. 
X  200.  (After  Leuck- 
art,  1889,  p.  109,  fig.  67  B.) 


feelers,  head,  foot,  or  other  exterior  soft  portion  of  the  body 
of  the  snail  ;  some  of  the  parasites  enter 
the  pallial  (lung)  cavity  and  attach  them- 
selves there.  After  becoming  securely 
fastened  to  the  snail  the  miracidium  dis- 
cards its  ciliated  covering  and  shortens 
to  about  half  its  former  length  (0.07  mm. 
to  0.08  mm.).  The  parasites  now  bore 
their  Avay  into  the  body  of  the  snail  and 
come  to  rest  in  the  liver,  or  near  the  roof 
of  the  pallial  cavity,  etc.,  the  movements 
gradually  cease,  and  we  have  before  us  the  stage  known  as  the  — 

(d)  Sporocyst  (figs.  7  and  8).  —  The  eye-spots,  gauglionic  swell- 
ings, and  vestigial  intestine  become  more  and  more  indistinct 
and  are  finally  lost.     The  sporocyst  grows  slowly  at  first,  then 
more  rapidly,  and  at  the  end  of  14  days  or  so  measures  about 
0.5  mm.     The  germ  cells  mentioned  as  existing  in  the  posterior 
portion  of  the  miracidium  now  develop  into  individuals  of  a 
third  generation,  known  as  — 

(e)  Rediae  (figs.  9  and  10).  —  The  rediae  escape  from  the  sporo- 
cyst when  the  latter  are  from  two  weeks  (in  summer)  to  four 
weeks  (in  late  fall)  old.     Upon  leaving  the  body  of  the  sporocyst 
they  wander  to  the  liver  of  the  snail,  where  they  grow  to  about 
2  mm.  long  by  0.25  mm.  broad.     Each  redia  consists  of  a  cephalic 
portion,  which  is  extremely  motile,  and  which  is  separated  from 

the  rest  of  the  young  Avorm  by  a  ridge;  itnder  the  latter  is  situated  an  opening, 
through  which  the  next  generation  (cercariae)  escape.     The  posterior  portion  of  the 


FIG.  8.— Sporocyst  of 
the  Common  Liver 
Fluke,  somewhat 
older  than  that  of  fig. 
7,  in  which  the  germi- 
nal cells  are  giving 
rise  to  rediae.  X  200. 
(After  Leuckart, 
1889,  p.  109,  fig.  67  C.) 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.       33 


FIG.  9.— Redia  of  the 
Commoii  Liver  Fluke 
(Fasciola  hepatica'/, 
containing  germinal 
cells  which  are  devel- 
oping into  cercariae. 
X  150.  ( After  Leuck- 
art,  1889,  p.  269,  fig. 
129  A.) 


worm  is  provided,  at  about  the  border  of  the  third  and  the  last  fourths  of  the  body, 

with  two  projections.  There  is  a  mouth  with  pharynx  situated  at  the  anterior 
extremity,  the  pharynx  leading  into  a  simple  blind  intestinal 
sac.  The  redia,  as  well  as  the  sporocyst,  may  be  looked  upon  as 
a  female  organism,  and  in  its  body  cavity  are  found  a  number  of 
germ  cells,  which  develop  into  the  individuals  of  the  next 
generation,  known  as — 

(/)  Cercariae  (figs.  11-13). — These  organisms  are  quite  similar 
to  the  adult  parasites  into  which  they  later  develop.  The  body 
is  Hat,  more  or  less  oval,  and  provided  with  a  tail  inserted  at 
the  posterior  extremity.  The  oral  sucker  and  acetabuluni  are 
present  as  in  the  adult,  but  the  intestinal  tract  is  very  simple; 
on  the  sides  of  the  body  are  seen  two  large  glands,  but  the 
complicated  genital  organs  of  the  adult  are  not  visible.  The 
cercaria  leaves  the  redia  through  the  birth  opening,  remains  in 
the  snail  for  a  longer  or  shorter  time,  or  passes  out  of  the  body 
of  the  snail  and  swims  around  in  the  water.  After  a  time  it 
attaches  itself  to  a  blade  of  grass  (fig.  12)  or  some  other  object, 
and  forms  a  cyst  around  itself  with  material  from  the  large 
glands,  at  the  same  time  losing  its  tail.  It  now  remains  quiet 
until  swallowed  by  some  animal.  Then,  upon  arriving  in 
the  stomach  — of 
a  steer,  for  in- 
stance— the  cyst 
is  destroyed,  and 
the  young  parasite 
wanders  through 
the  gall  ducts  or, 

as  some  believe,  through  the  portal  veins 

to  the  liver,  where  it  develops  into  the 

adult  hermaphrodite. 

From  the  above  we  see  that  this 
parasite  runs  through  three  gen- 
erations, namely : 

(1)  Ovum,    miracidium,    and 
sporocyst first  generation. 

(2)  Eedia. .  .second  generation. 

(3)  Cercaria  and  adult third 

generation. 

During  this  curious  develop- 
ment, which  lasts  about  10  to  12 
weeks,  there  is  a  constant  poten- 
tial increase  in  the  number  of 
individuals,  for  each  sporocyst 
may  give  rise  to  several  (5  to  8) 
rediae,  each  redia  to  a  larger 
number  (12  to  20)  cercariae,  and 
each  adult  to  an  enormous  num- 
ber (37,000  to  45,000)  of  eggs. 
This  unusual  fertility  of  the  animal 
is  necessary  because  of  the  complicated  life  history  and  the  compara- 
tivety  small  chance  any  one  egg  has  of  completing  the  entire  cycle. 
5257— No.  19 3 


FIG.  10.— Eedia  of  the 
Common  Liver  Fluke, 
with  developed  cer- 
cariae. X  150.  (After 
Leuckart,  1889,  p.  270, 
fig.  130.) 


FIG.  11. — Free  cercaria  of 
the  Common  Liver  Fluke, 
showing  two  suckers, 
intestine,  large  glands, 
and  tail.  (After  Leuck- 
art, 1889,  p.  279,  fig.  137.) 


34  INSPECTION    OF    MEATS    FOR    ANIMAL    PARASITES. 

Hosts. — An  interesting  and,  from  an  agricultural  standpoint,  an 
important  matter  connected  with  this  fluke  is  that  it  is  found  in  a 
large  number  (about  25)  of  domesticated  and  wild  animals,  and  this 
fact  probably  explains  to  some  degree  the  wide  geographical  distribu- 
tion of  the  parasite. 

THE  EFFECTS  OF   THE  COMMON  LIVER  FLUKE   UPON   CATTLE,  SHEEP, 

AND   SWINE. 

This  worm  is  one  of  the  most  important  and  dangerous  parasites 
with  which  the  stock  raiser  has  to  deal,  since  it  produces  a  disease  which 
often  results  in  heavy  loss  of  live  stock,  especially  of  sheep.  Although 
it  does  not  seem  as  yet  to  have  caused  any  such  serious  epizootics  in 
this  country  as  have  been  reported  in  Europe,  sweeping  out  or  greatly 
retarding  the  live-stock  industry,  we  should  not  wait  until  such  an 
occasion  arises  before  we  consider  the  importance  of  this  subject.  We 
know  that  F.  hepatica  is  present  in  the  country;  furthermore,  that  it  is 
common  in  some  places  (Texas  and  elsewhere),  and  we  would  do  well 
to  inquire  into  the  injury  which  other  countries  have  sustained  as  a 
warning  that  we  must  not  totally  ignore  its  presence  among  us. 

The  following  are  among  the  most  important  outbreaks1  recorded: 

Wernicke  (1886)  records  that  not  less  than  1,000,000  sheep  died  of  fluke  disease  in 
the  southerly  provinces  of  Buenos  Ayres  during  1882;  in  1886  more  than  100,000  head 
died  in  Tandil  during  eight  months. 

Youatt  estimated  the  annual  loss  in  Great  Britain  at  1,000,000  sheep.  For  1879 
and  1880,  a  loss  of  3,000,000  head  per  year  was  estimated  for  England  alone. 

During  1876,  Slavoiiia  lost  40  per  cent  of  her  cattle  from  distomatosis. 

In  1830,  England  lost  3,000,000  sheep  from  this  disease,  estimated  at  a  value  of 
$20,000,000. 

In  1829  and  1830,  5,000  of  the  25,000  cattle  of  Montme~dy  perished ;  in  Verdun, 
2,200  cattle  and  nearly  20, 000  sheep,  out  of  20,000  cattle  and  50, 000  sheep,  succumbed 
to  the  parasite. 

Names  of  the  disease. — The  presence  of  these  flukes  in  the  liver  of 
animals  gives  rise  to  a  disease  known  under  the  various  names  of  rot, 
liver-rot,  rot-dropsy,  fluke  disease,  aqueous  cachexia,  cachexia  aquosa 
verrninosa,  fascioliasis,  distomatosis,  etc. 

The  term  rot,  as  used  by  farmers  and  by  some  veterinarians,  is  an 
exceedingly  broad  one;  in  many  parts  of  this  country  almost  any  dis- 
ease of  sheep  is  called  rot.  We  have  met  nodular  disease  of  the  intes- 
tine and  other  diseases  under  this  term.  On  this  account  it  must  not 
be  supposed  that  every  article  on  rot  refers  to  liver  fluke  disease. 

Symptoms. — There  is  no  one  special  symptom  which  is  characteristic  of 
this  disease  and  absent  from  all  others;  in  fact  liver  rot  in  its  various 
stages  might  easily  be  mistaken  for  other  parasitic  complaints. 

(A)  The  disease  in  sheep. — Gerlach  has  divided  the  malady  into  four 
periods,  and  although  this  division  is  more  or  less  artificial,  since  the 
different  stages  gradate  imperceptibly  into  each  other  and  are  obscured 

^or  a  more  complete  list  of  epizootics,  see  Hassall,  1894. 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,   SHEEP,   AND  SWINE.       35 


FIG.  12. — Portion  of  a  grass  stalk  with  three  encapsuled  cercariae 
of  the  Common  Liver  Fluke  (Fatdola  hepatica).  X  10.  (After 
Thomas,  1883,  p.  291,  fig.  13.) 


on  account  of  the  constant  liability  to  further  infection,  we  give  Ger- 
lach's  scheme  here  as  a  convenient  diagraiu  of  the  disease: 

These  symptoms  are  taken  chiefly  from  sheep,  but  the  same  description  applies  in 
a  general  manner  to  the  same  disease  in  other  animals : 

(1)  Period  of  immigration  (stage  of  traumatic  hepatic  inflammation,  inflammatory 
swelling  of  the  liver). — July  to  September,  lasting  about  13  weeks.     This  is  the 
period  of  infection,  but  as  the 

symptoms  are  not  generally 
very  pronounced  (the  path- 
ological lesions  produced  by 
the  flukes  not  having  as  yet 
affected  the  system  of  the 
host)  it  generally  escapes 
notice.  At  first  a  redness  of 
the  eyes,  which,  however, 
soon  disappears ;  paleness. 
Death  from  apoplexy  some- 
times occurs.  The  presence 
of  the  flukes  in  the  liver  irri- 
tates this  organ  and  causes  an 
increased  blood  supply  (hy- 
peraemia)  and  consequent 
enlargement  of  the  liver.  The 
surface  is  smooth,  marked 
with  small  openings,  out  of 
which  may  be  pressed  a 
bloody  serum,  and  around  these  openings  there  is  frequently  an  inflammation  of  the 
peritoneum  (localized  peritonitis).  Gall  ducts  still  about  normal;  gall  more  or  less 
bloody ;  hemorrhagic  centers  in  parenchyma ;  bloody  serous  exudate  in  abdominal 
cavity,  in  which  flukes  are  occasionally  found.  No  eggs  present  as  yet  in  droppings. 

(2)  Period  of  anaemia. — September  to   December,   6  to   12   weeks.     The  visible 
mucous  membranes  (around  the  eyes,  nose,  and  gums)  and  the  skin  are  paler  than 
usual.     Animals  have  a  tendency  to  fatten.     Appetite  may  be  very  good,  but  after- 
wards diminishes  and  rumination  becomes  irregular;  slight  oedema;  bare  skin  soft 

to  the  touch,  loose  and  pasty;  eyes  become  "  fat,"  i.  e.,  they 
are  partially  closed,  the  conjunctiva  becoming  puffy ;  gradual 
loss  of  strength ;  fever  and  accelerated  respiration;  death  in 
this  stage  seldom. 

Liver  pale,  increased  considerably  in  size,  especially  in 
thickness;  its  capsule  rough,  opaque;  its  parenchyma  soft 
with  an  appearance  like  porphyry,  with  hemorrhagic 
centers;  here  and  there  channels  caused  by  parasites; 
numerous  eggs  in  faeces. 

(3)  Period  of  emaciation  (stage  of  atrophy  of  the  liver). — 
January  to  May.  Disease  is  at  its  height;  extreme  anaemia 
and  emaciation ;  respiration  feeble  and  quickened ;  tempera- 
ture variable;  abortions  frequent;  "puffiness"  (oedema) 
especially  frequent  under  the  jaws;  mortality  high. 
Atrophy  of  liver  in  various  stages;  gall  ducts  greatly  thickened,  frequently  with 

calcareous  incrustations ;  petechiae  beneath  endocardium ;  bile  thick,  dirty  brown, 

with  numerous  eggs. 

(4)  Period  of  emigration  of  the  flukes. — May  to  July.     The  flukes  leave  the  liver  and 

are  passed  with  the  droppings.     The  symptoms  diminish,  but  the  scars,  the  result  of 

the  inflammatory  processes,  remain. 


FIG.  13.— Isolated  encysted 
cercaria  of  the  Common 
Liver  Fluke.  X  150. 
(After  Leuckart,  1889,  p. 
286,  fig.  142.) 


36  INSPECTION    OF    MEATS    FOR    ANIMAL    PARASITES. 

Ziindel  makes  a  slightly  different  division  of  the  periods  of  the  dis- 
ease, but,  as  in  the  division  proposed  by  Gerlach,  it  is  not  to  be  followed 
too  rigidly,  as  the  different  periods  are  not  sharply  denned  from  one 
another.  Ziindel's  four  periods  are: 

First  period. — Stage  of  inflammation,  inflammatory  swelling  of  the  liver :  August  to 
October.  The  presence  of  the  flukes  causes  an  irritation;  profuse  flow  of  gall  mixed 
with  blood.  Generally  passes  unnoticed. 

Second  period. — Stage  of  contraction  of  the  liver:  September  to  November,  6  to 
12  weeks.  Flukes  collected  in  groups  partially  obstruct  the  bile  ducts,  whose  irri- 
tated mucosa  is  thickened;  anaemia,  cachexia,  general  weakness,  discoloration  of  the 
tissues. 

Third  period. — Stage  of  atrophy  of  the  liver:  January  to  March.  Cachexia;  high 
mortality.  Flukes  mature ;  gall  diicts  greatly  thickened  and  hardened.  Liver  atro- 
phies in  some  places,  swells  in  others. 

Fourth  period. — Stage  in  which  the  flukes  leave  the  liver:  April  to  June. 

(B)  The  disease  in  cattle. — The  first  symptoms  are  generally  over- 
looked, the  disease  not  attracting  attention  until  the  appetite  is  dimin- 
ished, rumination  becomes  irregular,  the  animals  become  hidebound,  and 
the  coat  dull  and  staring.     The  staring  coat  is  due  to  the  contraction  of 
the  muscles  of  the  hair  follicles.    The  visible  mucous  membranes  become 
pale,  eyes  become  dull,  there  is  running  at  the  eyes,  and  the  animal 
gradually  becomes  emaciated.    As  the  disease  advances  the  milk  sup- 
ply is  lessened,  fever  appears,  there  is  generally  great  thirst,  but  the 
appetite  almost  ceases 5   oedematous  swellings  appear  on  the  belly, 
breast,  etc.;  diarrhoea  at  first  alternates  with  constipation,  but  finally 
becomes  continuous.     The  disease  lasts  from  2  to  5  months,  when  the 
most  extreme  cases  succumb. 

Ostertag  (1895,  p.  357)  states  that  most  of  the  European  cattle  are 
infested  with  liver  flukes,  but  that  even  when  a  large  number  are  pres- 
ent the  nourishment  of  the  cattle  is  not  disturbed.  Thickening  of  the 
gall  ducts,  so  that  a  so-called  "Medusa's  head"  forms  on  the  surface  of 
the  liver  toward  the  stomach,  appears  in  even  well-nourished  animals; 
even  in  cases  of  a  cirrhosis  of  the  liver  it  is  seldom  that  any  effect  upon 
the  cattle's  health  can  be  noticed,  and  as  long  as  a  portion  of  the  liver 
tissue,  about  twice  the  size  of  the  fist,  remains  intact  the  nourishment 
of  the  animal  may  be  comparatively  good.  Ostertag,  in  all  of  his  expe- 
rience, has  never  seen  a  generalized  oedema  in  slaughtered  cattle  as  a 
result  of  fluke  invasion,  and  even  in  the  heaviest  infectious  of  young 
cattle  he  has  noticed  only  emaciation. 

(C)  The  disease  in  hogs. — The  Common   Liver  Fluke  is  a  compara- 
tively rare  parasite  in  swine  and  apparently  of  very  little  importance. 

Pathology. — The  pathological  lesions  are  directly  dependent  upon  the 
presence  of  the  flukes  in  the  body,  and  as  the  liver  is  the  chief  abode  of 
the  parasites,  we  should  accordingly  expect  to  find  that  this  organ  is 
more  affected  than  any  other,  and  the  seat  of  the  primary  lesions;  also 
that  the  symptoms  and  changes  noticed  in  other  organs  are  in  nearly  all 
cases  directly  dependent  upon  the  changes  in  the  liver;  furthermore, 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.   37 

that  the  extent  of  the  lesions  is  dependent  upon  the  number  of  para- 
sites present.  The  size  of  the  worms  and  the  size  of  the  spines  found 
on  them  are  two  important  factors  in  determiuiug  the  extent  of  the 
lesions. 

By  their  presence  and  wanderings  in  the  gall  ducts  the  parasites  irritate  the 
mucosa  and  cause  an  inflammation  accompanied  by  an  increased  secretion,  leading 
to  a  desquamative  catarrh ;  this  inflammation  causes  a  thickening  of  the  mncosa 
with  growth  of  its  glandular  elements  (glandular  hyperplasia)  and  submucosa. 
The  young  parasites  make  their  way  into  the  smaller  ducts,  rolling  their  body  dor- 
sully  and  here  singly,  or  in  the  larger  ducts  in  groups,  they  cause  a  dilatation  of  the 
ducts,  in  some  cases  forming  cysts.  There  is  a  hyperplasia  of  the  connective  tissue 


<$-. 


FIG.  14. — Drawing  from  a  microscopic  preparation  showing  a  hemorrhage  in  the  parenchyma  of  the 
liver  caused  by  the  Common  Liver  Fluke  (Fasciola  hepatica) :  a,  atrophic  liver  tissue ;  b,  round  cell 
infiltration ;  c,  a  portion  of  the  parasite;  d,  hemorrhage.  (After  Schaper,  1890.  PI.  I,  ng.  1.) 

and  a  cellular  infiltration,  together  with  an  increased  development  of  the  blood 
capillaries.  The  inflammatory  process  extends  from  the  duct  walls  to  the  interlobular 
connective  tissue,  accompanied  by  atrophy  of  the  parenchyma.  A  slight  atrophy  of 
the  parenchyma,  with  an  extensive  hypertrophy  of  the  connective  tissue  and  an 
extensive  infiltration  and  increased  blood  supply,  naturally  causes  an  increase  in  the 
size  of  the  liver.  With  the  decrease  of  the  hyperplastic  tissue  and  the  consequent 
compression  and  destruction  of  the  capillaries  the  cirrhotic  and  atrophic  processes 
become  evident.  An  advancing  hyperplasia  of  the  connective  tissue  destroys  the 
parenchymatic  cells  of  the  lobules,  leaving  in  many  cases  only  a  clump  of  gall  pig- 
ment as  evidence  of  a  former  lobule.  Gradually  a  smaller  or  larger  portion  of  the 
liver  is  changed  into  a  mass  of  cicatricial  tissue  surrounding  stiff  tubes — the  meta- 
morphosed gall  ducts. 

Besides  the  lesions  thus  far  described,  due  for  the  most  part  to  the  changes  in  the 
gall  ducts,  other  changes  are  found  due  directly  to  the  action  of  the  parasites  upon 
the  parenchyma  of  the  liver,  namely,  a  breaking  down  of  the  liver  tissue,  paren- 


38 


INSPECTION    OF    MEATS    FOR    ANIMAL    PARASITES. 


chymatic  hemorrhages,  pus  infiltrations,  .and  abscess  formations.  The  flukes  may 
break  through  a  smaller  gall  duct,  or  may  penetrate  one  of  the  larger  ducts  at  a 
weak  point,  and  wander  directly  through  the  soft  glandular  tissue;  the  mechanical 
injury  to  the  tissue  results  in  its  necrosis;  blood  vessels  are  also  injured,  giving  rise 
to  multiple  hemorrhages,  which  may  discharge  through  the  gall  ducts  and  aid  in 
producing  the  general  anaemia.  Inflammation  naturally  follows  the  flukes  in  their 
wanderings,  leading  to  a  liquefaction  of  the  tissue  and  formation  of  abscesses,  in 
•which  bacteria  (streptococci  and  staphylococci)  are  found,  the  organisms  having 
«ome  from  the  inflamed  bile  ducts.  With  this  inflammation  going  on  it  is  but  nat- 
ural that  the  walls  of  some  of  the  blood  vessels  should  be  aft'ected,  thus  making  it 
possible  for  the  flukes  to  gain  access  to  the  circulation,  with  which  they  might  be 


FIG.  15. — Drawing  from  a  microscopic  preparation  showing  the  glandular  hyperplasia  of  the  mucosa  of 
a  gall  duct  caused  by  the  Common  Liver  Fluke  (Fasciola  hepatica) :  a,  liypertrophied  submucosa;  6, 
interstitial  connective  tissue;  c,  compressed  lobule;  d,  lumen  of  the  gall  duct;  thickened  fibrous 
wall  of  the  gall  duct.  (After  Schaper,  1890,  PI.  I,  fig.  2.) 

carried  to  various  parts  of  the  body,  lungs,  brain,  etc.,  causing  endophlebitis,  end- 
arteritis,  ruptures,  thrombosis,  emboli,  abscesses,  etc. ;  pyaemic  or  septicopyaemic 
processes  may  extend  from  the  liver,  and  finally  the  flukes  in  their  wanderings  may 
perforate  the  capsule  of  the  liver,  causing  perihepatitis  or  peritonitis. 

These  various  pathological  lesions  naturally  act  upon  the  circulatory  system.  The 
branches  of  the  portal  veins  and  vena  cava  are  compressed  or  obliterated  to  a  certain 
extent,  and  ascites  and  oedema  follow. 

The  bile  is  greatly  changed,  becoming  more  or  less  thick,  greenish  brown,  or  dirty 
red,  and  containing  epithelial,  parenchymatic,  and  blood  cells,  leucocytes,  bacteria, 
fluke  eggs,  etc.,  according  to  the  processes  going  on  in  the  liver. 

The  hemorrhages,  lack  of  sufficient  gall,  consequent  disorder  in  digestion,  patho- 
logical changes,  etc.,  rapidly  lead  to  a  general  cachexia,  weakness,  and  emaciation. 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  £WINE.   39 

In  animals  infested  with  flukes  it  has  been  noticed  that  the  blood  is  poor  in  haemo- 
globin and  that  the  number  of  blood  corpuscles  is  below  the  normal. 
For  a  more  detailed  discussion,  see  Schaper  (1890). 

As  already  stated,  the  symptoms  aud  pathology  here  given  are  based 
chiefly  upon  observations  made  on  sheep,  but  what  has  been  said  of  the 
disease  in  sheep  may  also  be  said  of  the  disease  in  cattle,  except  that 
the  latter,  on  account  of  their  greater  strength,  can  better  withstand  the 
attack,  aud  the  symptoms  are  accordingly  not  so  marked. 

Diagnosis. — Flukes  are  said  to  be  found  in  the  faecal  matter  during 
the  fourth  stage,  but  their  eggs  may  be  found  much  earlier.  Accord- 
ingly, if  fluke  disease  is  suspected  a  positive  diagnosis  may  be  made  by 


FIG.  16.— Drawing  from  a  microscopic  preparation  showing  a  flnke  in  the  tissue  of  the  liver:  a, 
necrotic  liver  tissue ;  b,  atrophic  liver  cells;  c,  spines  on  the  fluke,  showing  the  outline  of  the  body. 
(After  Schaper,  1890,  PL  III,  fig.  5.) 

a  microscopic  examination  of  the  faeces  to  find  the  ova.  In  order  to  do 
this  it  is  often  sufficient  to  place  a  minute  portion  of  faecal  matter  on  a 
slide,  add  a  drop  of  water,  and  examine  under  a  low-power  lens. 

An  easy  method  of  concentrating  the  eggs  in  a  given  amount  of  manure  to  be 
examined,  so  that  the  microscopic  examination  will  be  facilitated,  is  to  place  the  faecal 
matter  in  a  jar  of  water,  shake  well,  filter  through  a  wire  net,  and  allow  it  to  settle. 
The  fluke  eggs  will  settle  on  the  bottom  with  the  heavier  matter,  but  a  great  deal  of 
vegetable  material  will  be  caught  by  the  wire  netting  or  will  float.  The  part  which 
floats  can  then  be  drained  off  with  water,  leaving  the  eggs  in  the  more  solid  matter, 
which  can  then  be  examined  microscopically. 

If  facilities  for  a  microscopic  examination  are  not  at  hand,  it  is  best 
to  sacrifice  one  of  the  animals  of  the  herd — the  one  in  which  the  symp- 
toms are  most  pronounced — and  examine  its  liver  for  flukes. 


40  INSPECTION    OF    MEATS    FOR    ANIMAL    PARASITES. 

Position  of  the  parasites. — For  the  most  part  the  flukes  are  confined 
to  the  gall  ducts;  some,  however,  are  found  in  the  parenchyma  of  the 
liver;  a  few  reach  the  portal  veins  and  cause  endophlebitis,  thrombosis, 
and  emboli;  others  enter  the  liver  veins  and  are  carried  to  various  parts 
of  the  body;  upon  passing  the  heart  they  reach  the  lungs,  where  they 
can  give  rise  to  hemorrhagic  centers,  canals  with  bloody  contents,  or 
even  nodules.  From  the  pulmonary  arteries  they  could  reach  the  pul- 
monary veins,  and  from  there  may  be  carried  by  the  blood  to  any  part 
of  the  body.  The  presence  of  flukes  in  peripheral  portions  of  the  body 
is,  however,  exceptional. 

Influence  of  age. — It  has  been  noticed  in  epizootics  that  calves  and 
cattle  under  three  years  are  more  seriously  affected  by  the  disease  than 
are  older  animals.  This  is  undoubtedly  due  to  the  fact  that  the  older 
animals  are  stronger,  and  hence  are  able  to  resist  more. 

It  has,  however,  been  shown  that  very  young  calves  are  compara- 
tively rarely  infested  with  flukes  (see  fig.  17);  a  fact  which  is  easily 
understood  when  we  recall  that  they  are,  from  their  mode  of  life,  food, 
etc.,  less  exposed  to  the  infection  than  the  older  animals,  which  live 
almost  entirely  upon  pasture,  and,  taking  in  a  great  amount  of  grass, 
naturally  stand  in  danger  of  swallowing  a  greater  number  of  the  cer- 
cariae.  Bulls  which  are  kept  close  are  generally  free  from  these 
worms. 

Geographical  distribution;  fluky  years  and  fluky  seasons. — This  para- 
site has  a  very  wide  distribution,  being  found  in  Europe,  Asia,  Africa, 
North  America,  and  South  America.  As  a  general  rule,  it  can  be  said 
that  the  parasite  is  found  on  the  lowlands — marshes,  valleys,  etc. — but 
is  generally  absent  from  the  highlands;  and  this  is  in  accordance  with 
the  facts  observed  in  connection  with  the  life  history,  for  the  interme- 
diate host  is  a  snail  which  lives  in  marshes  and  marshy  districts,  but  is 
generally  absent  from  the  dry  highlands.  With  this  same  general  law 
of  distribution,  dependent  upon  the  physical  geography  of  the  country, 
we  can  correlate  two  other  general  statements  in  regard  to  the  occur- 
rence of  the  parasite,  and  hence  of  the  disease,  based  upon  the  humid- 
ity of  the  season — namely,  fluke  disease  is  more  frequent  in  wet  years 
("fluky  years")  than  in  dry  years,  and  fluke  disease  is  more  prevalent 
after  the  wet  months  of  the  year  than  after  the  dry  mouths. 

In  wet  years,  namely,  in  years  of  heavy  rainfall,  the  overflow  of 
water  naturally  extends  the  limits  of  marshes  and  carries  the  snails 
over  a  greater  area.  Furthermore,  the  ground  being  more  moist,  the 
eggs  have  greater  chances  for  development,  and  the  infection  is  thus 
spread. 

An  idea  of  the  frequency  of  the  parasites  during  different  months  of 
the  year  may  be  obtained  from  an  examination  of  fig.  17.  On  this  chart 
Leuckart  has  plotted  the  animals  slaughtered  at  the  Berlin  abattoirs 
during  the  years  1883-84,  according  to  statistics  furnished  by  Hertwig. 
The  table  covers  94,387  head  of  cattle  and  77,848  calves.  Of  the  cattle, 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.   41 

aoout  three-fourths  to  four-fifths  were  infested  with  flukes,  and  of  these 
3,428  were  so  badly  infested  that  their  livers  were  condemned.  Of  the 
calves,  only  154  livers  were  condemned. 

The  table  shows  us  that  the  parasites  are  present  the  entire  year; 
also  that  there  are  two  periods  during  the  year,  namely,  from  October 
to  January  (highest  in  October)  and  from  March  to  April,  in  which  the 


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FIG.  17.— Tabular  diagram  of  the  occurrence  of  the  Common  Liver  Fluke  (Fasciola  hepatiea)  daring 
different  months  of  the  year:  a,  cattle;  b,  sheep;  c,  swine.    (After  Leuckart,  1889,  p.  301,  fig.  147.) 

livers  are  particularly  infested,  or  so  altered  as  not  to  be  fit  for  food. 
Leuckart  has  interpreted  these  figures  as  signifying  that  the  winter 
maximum  pointed  to  an  infection  in  the  fall,  while  the  summer  maxi- 
mum pointed  to  one  in  early  spring,  namely,  during  the  wettest  seasons 
of  the  year. 


42 


INSPECTION    OF    MEATS    FOR    ANIMAL    PARASITES. 


According-  to  Lutz  (1892),  Oahu  and  Kauai  of  the  Sandwich  Islands 
suffer  considerably  from  fascioliasis.  In  some  parts  of  Oahu  nearly 
all  the  cattle  have  been  destroyed  by  the  disease;  the  sheep  from  dry 
districts,  however,  are  not  affected.  Of  C02  calves  examined  at  Hono- 
lulu, 298  were  found  infested;  of  2,186  cattle,  1,313  were  infested,  so 
that  about  four-sevenths  of  the  animals  were  diseased. 

In  this  country  we  have  no  exact  statistics  covering  this  parasite, 
but  Francis,  in  writing  upon  the  presence  of  the  worm  in  Texas,  states 
"that  it  is  exceptional  to  find  a  liver  free  from  them 
at  any  time  of  the  year,  and  especially  so  during  the 
spring;"  also,  that  "heifers  coming  2  years  old  suffered 
more  than  at  any  other  age.  Many  of  the  cattle  and 
sheep  die,  and  many  of  those  that  recover  do  not  thrive 
the  following  summer,  but  remain  poor  and  weak  and 
fail  to  breed." 


FIG.  18. — Limnaea 
truncatula,  natural 
size  and  enlarged. 
(After  Leuckart.) 


Most  American  authors  (Hassall  and  Francis  excepted)  have 
failed  to  recognize  the  difference  between  this  species  and  F. 
magna,  so  it  is  in  many  cases  impossible  to  determine  whether  an  author  had  before 
him  F.  hepatica  or  F.  magna,  or  both  species,  and  on  this  account  it  is  impossible  to 
give  the  exact  distribution  of  the  worms  in  this  country.  That  it  is  common  in 
Texas  is  shown  by  Francis'  article,  and  I  have  found  the  same  parasite  quite  com- 
mon (August,  1893)  in  Texan  cattle  slaughtered  at  Chicago.  I  have  also  found  it  in 
other  than  Texas  cattle,  although  I  can  not  state  where  the  animals  came  from. 
Law  records  F.  hepatica  from  sheep  on  Long  Island.  Curtice  is  of  the  opinion  that 
F.  hepatica  is  rare  in  the  United  States,  but  says  that  in  sheep  it  is  "reported  by 
sheep  books  and  newspaper  articles." 

Time  of  infection. — Gerlach  supposed  that  the  infection  takes  place 
only  in  summer  and  fall,  but  the  diagram  (fig.  17)  does  not  support 
his  view.  Furthermore,  young  flukes  have  been 
found  in  February,  pointing  to  an  infection  in  Janu- 
ary. Nevertheless,  the  general  rule  will  hold  true  that 
in  a  temperate  climate  the  time  of  greatest  danger 
of  infection  is  during  the  summer  and  early  fall. 

That  the  danger  of  infection  gradually  decreases 
in  the  fall  and  whiter  is  shown  by  the  interesting 
observation  of  Thomas  that  in  winter  the  rediae  pro- 
duce other  rediae  instead  of  cercariae,  and  that 
fluke  disease  is  more  fatal  to  snails  than  to  mam- 
mals, so  that  as  the  season  advances  the  number  of 
cercariae  in  the  fields  must  reach  its  maximum  and  then  gradually 
decrease. 

In  a  warm  and  moist  climate  the  conditions  favorable  to  infection  will 
naturally  persist  longer  than  in  a  cold  and  dry  climate. 

Source  of  infection. — The  snails1  which  form  the  intermediate  host  of 
this  parasite  must,  because  of  the  transmission  of  fluke  disease,  be 
included  among  the  worst  enemies  of  the  stock  raiser. 


FIG.  19 — Limnaea  pere- 
gra,  natural  size  and 
enlarged.  (After 
Leuckart.) 


1  For  a  more  detailed  account,  see  Stiles,  1894-95,  pp.  303-313. 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.   43 


Leuckart  and  Thomas  experimentally  demonstrated  the  truth  of 
Weiuland's  view,  that  in  Europe  the  intermediate  host  for  this  fluke  is 
a  small  swamp  snail  (Limnaea  truncatula}.  Leuckart  also  showed  that 
the  rediae  (but  not  the  cercariae)  would  develop  in  the  young  of  another 
species  of  snail  (L.  peregra),  and  quite  recently  Lutz  (1892  and  1893) 
has  shown  that  in  Oahu  and  Kauai  (Sandwich  Islands)  two  other  snails 
may  serve  in  this  capacity 
(L.  oahuensis  Souleyet  and 
L.  rubella  Lea).  In  the  case 
of  L.  oahuensis,  Lutz  states 
that  "  the  infection  can  take 
place  only  in  young  speci- 
mens." None  of  these  four 
very  closely  allied  species  are 
recorded  for  America,  and  yet  we  find  F.  hepatica  in  both  North 
America  and  South  America,  so  that  we  must  either  have  on  this  conti- 
nent some  other  species  of  snail  which  may  act  as  intermediate  host, 
or  some  of  the  species  described  in  America  must  be  identical  with 
some  of  the  above-named  forms. 

The  forms  which  would  especially  fall  under  suspicion  are  L.  humilis 

Say,  in  North  America,  and  L. 
viator  Orb.,  in  South  America. 


^•     J. 


FIG.  20. — Limnaea  humilis,  natural  size  and  enlarged. 
(After  Binney.) 


FIG.  21. — Limnaea  oahuensis,  natural  size  and  en 
larged.    (After  Souleyet.) 


This  report  is  not  the  place  to  discuss 
the  question  as  to  whether  these  forms  ( L. 
truncatula,  L.peregra,  L,  oahuensis,  L.  ru- 
bella, L.  humilis,  and  L.  viator)  represent 
six  well-established  species  or  not,  as 

that  is  a  matter  for  conchologists  to  decide.  Suffice  it  to  say  that  specialists  in 
conchology  have  described  snails  under  these  names;  that  the  forms  are  all  so  very 
closely  related  that  a  zoologist  would  not  commit  a  very  grave  offense  against 
systematic  zoology  if  he  were  to  consider  them  as  varieties  of  two  or  three  species; 
that  the  forms  described  under  the  names  L.  truncatula,  L.  oaJiuensis,  and  L.  rubella 
are  known  to  serve  as  intermediate  hosts  for  the  parasite  now  under  discussion;  that 
in  Europe  the  rediae  (but  not  the  cer- 
cariae) develop  in  L.  peregra,  and  that 
it  is  probable,  though  not  demonstrated 
as  yet,  that  L.  hitmilis  is  intermediate 
host  for  North  America  and  L.  viator  for 
South  America. 

Treatment. — Hygiene  must  play 
a  much  more  important  role  in  the 


FIG.  22. — Limnaea  viator,  natural  size  and  enlarged. 
(After  d'Orbigny.) 


treatment  of  this  disease  than 
therapeutics,  for  while  the  knowl- 
edge of  the  life  history  of  the  parasite  shows  us  how  we  may  to  a  certain 
extent  prevent  the  disease,  no  drug  is  known  which  can  be  relied  upon 
to  kill  the  flukes  or  dislodge  them  from  their  habitat.  A  great  many 
drugs  have  been  tried  in  the  hope  of  accomplishing  this  end,  but 
although  some  authors  recommend  the  use  of  anthelminthics,  most 
writers  admit  that  such  drugs  are  practically  useless  in  this  disease, 


44 


INSPECTION   OF    MEATS    FOR    ANIMAL    PARASITES. 


and  that  the  only  treatment  practicable  is  to  use  stimulants  and  tonics 
(various  iron  salts,  walnut  leaves,  pepper  in  alcoholic  drinks,  calamus, 
etc.),  with  good  nourishing  food,  such  as  lupine  seeds,  lupine  hay, 
roasted  malt,  linseed  cakes,  oats,  bran,  etc.,  rich  in  protein,  in  order  to 
build  up  the  system  and  carry  the  animal  through  to  the  fourth  stage 
of  the  disease,  when  the  flukes  will  die  or,  as  some  authorities  state, 
wander  out  spontaneously;  and,  in  case  the  pathological  lesions  are  not 
too  great,  the  live  stock  will  have  an  opportunity  to  recover.  Many 
authors  recommend  astringents  and  diuretics  (salt,  juniper  berries,  tur- 
pentine, etc.)  to  meet  the  hydropic  complications. 

The  following  are  some  of  the  formulae  given  by  various  authors  for 
fascioliasis  in  sheep,  and  the  same  medicaments  may  be  used  for  this 
disease  in  cattle : 

(1)  The  following  is  advised  by  Delafond.  Make  into  a  paste  with 
water  and  allow  to  ferment,  then  bake  in  an  oven.  Give  morning  and 
evening.  In  about  fifteen  days  this  bread  is  said  to  produce  improve- 
ment. 


Mixture. 

Metric. 

Approximate  equivalents. 

Avoirdupois  . 

Apothecaries'. 

Imperial  troy. 

Undressed     wheat 
meal. 
Oatmeal    

1  kilogram  .  . 

2  kilograms. 
1  kilogram  .  . 
30  grams  
30  grams  
200  grams... 

• 

2J  pounds  

2.7  pounds  

2.7  pounds. 

5.3  pounds. 
2.7  pounds. 
463  grains. 
4G3  grains. 
3,086   grains  =  6£ 
ounces. 

Barley  meal  
Sulphate  of  iron  
Carbonate  of  soda  .  .  . 
Table  salt 

2|  pounds  
1  ounce  25  grains  .  .  . 
1  ounce  25  grains  .  .  . 
7  ounces  24  grains  .  . 

f 

2.7  pounds  
463  grains  
463  grains  

3  036    grains  —  6§ 

ounces. 

The  following  is  Hauber's  lick  for  100  sheep : 


Mixture. 

Metric. 

Approximate  equivalents. 

Avoirdupois. 

Apothecaries'. 

Imperial  troy. 

Sulphate  of  iron  

60  grams  
500  grams.  .. 

20  liters  
20  liters  

2  ounces  50  grains  .  . 
17  ounces  279  grains. 

21J  quarts,  U.  S  
21J  quarts,  U.  S  

926     grain  s  =  1.7' 
ounces. 
7,716    grains^l 
pound  4  ounces. 
21£  quarts,  U.  S  
2l|  quarts,  U.  S  

926     grain  8=1.7 
ounces. 
7  716  grains  —  1  pound 

4  ounces. 
17jf  quarts,  imperial. 
17f  quarts,  imperial. 

Roasted  harley  malt  . 

(3)  The  following  is  Hauber's  lick  for  50  sheep : 


Approximate  equivalen 

t8. 

Avoirdupois. 

Apothecaries'. 

Imperial  troy. 

463  grains. 

Powdered  juniper 
berries. 

500  grams. 

17  ounces  279  grains  . 

7,716  grains  =  1  pound 
4  ounces. 

7,716  grains  =  l  pound 
4  ounces. 
7,716  grains  —  1  pound 

Grits  

20  liter  s... 

21J  quarts,  U.  S  

4  ounces. 
21  J  quarts,  U.  S  

4  ounces. 
17f  quarts,  imperial. 

(4)  The  following  lick  for  300    sheep  is  highly  indorsed  by  some 
authors,  but  not  considered  of  much  value  by  Ziirn.     A  portion  of  this 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.   45 


mixture  is  given  every   other  day  for  awhile,  and  then  once  every 
fourteen  days  through  the  summer. 


Mixture. 

Metric. 

Approximate  equivalents. 

IT.  S.  apotheca- 
ries', or  wine 
measure. 

Imperial  troy. 

Powdered  lime  

5  liters  
10  liters    .  

5J  quarts  

4g  quarts. 
8f  quarts. 

Powdered  table  salt  

(5)  Mojkowski  reports  good  results  in  treating  sheep  twice  a  day  for 
a  week  with  0.7  to  1  gram  (metric)  of  napthaliue  (=7.7  to  15f  grains 
apothecaries'  or  imperial  troy). 

(6)  Ziiru  suggests  the  following  to  be  mixed  and  given  to  cattle  in 
four  doses  in  two  days : 

Approximate  equivalents. 


Avoirdupois. 

Apothecaries'. 

Imperial  troy. 

Powdered  wormwood  .  . 
Powdered  calamus  root 

90  grams.. 
90  grams,. 

3  ounces  76  grains  .  . 
3  ounces  76  grains  .  . 

1,389     grains  =  2.89 
ounces. 
1,389     grains  —  2.89 
ounces. 

1,389  grains  =  2.89 
ounces. 
1,389    grains  =  2.89 
ounces. 
231.5  grains. 

(7)  Bunk  advises  30  to  60  grams  (=1  ounce  25  grains  to  2  ounces  50 
grains  avoirdupois =463  to  926  grains  apothecaries'  or  imperial  troy)  of 
benzine  as  a  daily  dose  for  each  steer,  to  be  given  in  mash. 

The  butcher's  knife  will  be  found  a  much  more  practicable  means  of 
treatment  than  any  of  the  prescriptions  given  above,  and  the  earlier  in 
the  disease  that  the  animals  are  slaughtered  the  better  condition  they 
will  be  found  in.  In  the  early  stages  of  the  malady,  as  was  seen  above, 
there  is  a  tendency  on  the  part  of  the  animals  to  fatten,  due  possibly 
to  the  increased  flow  of  bile  and  the  consequent  acceleration  in  diges- 
tion, and,  according  to  several  authors,  this  fact  has  been  taken  advan- 
tage of  by  certain  sheep  dealers  who  have  purposely  exposed  their 
flocks  to  fluke  infection  in  order  to  fatten  them  early  in  the  season. 

In  the  case  of  cattle  infected  with  F.  hepatica  it  will  scarcely  be  nec- 
essary to  take  such  strenuous  precautions  as  with  sheep,  for,  as  already 
stated,  the  disease  is  by  no  means  as  fatal  to  cattle  as  to  sheep ;  in  fact, 
in  the  vast  majority  of  cases  the  presence  of  the  parasites  in  cattle  is 
not  recognized  until  after  the  animals  are  slaughtered.  This  must  not, 
however,  be  interpreted  as  meaning  that  the  disease  in  cattle  may  be 
ignored,  but  merely  that  the  disease  in  sheep  must  receive  much  more 
prompt  attention  than  the  disease  in  cattle. 

If  sheep  are  pastured  in  the  same  region  as  cattle,  the  presence 
of  this  parasite  in  cattle  becomes  doubly  important,  for  in  this  case  the 
disease  will  be  spread  to  sheep  and  may  cause  heavy  losses.  Prompt 
measures  to  suppress  the  disease  and  isolation  of  the  infested  cattle 
should  accordingly  be  resorted  to. 


46  INSPECTION    OF    MEATS    FOR    ANIMAL    PARASITES. 

Preventive  measures. — For  an  excellent  and  more  detailed  account  of 
the  preventive  measures,  the  reader  is  referred  to  Thomas  (1883,  pp. 
296-305),  of  which  the  greater  part  of  the  following  is  a  summary: 

As  seen  from  the  life  history  of  the  parasite,  four  conditions  are  nec- 
essary for  the  propagation  of  this  disease  in  any  given  district,  namely : 
(1)  The  presence  of  fluke  eggs;  (2)  wet  ground,  or  water  during  the 
warmer  weather,  in  which  the  eggs  may  hatch ;  (3)  a  snail  (L.  truncatula, 
or  certain  other  species j  which  will  serve  as  intermediate  host;  (4) 
herbivorous  animals  must  be  allowed  to  feed  upon  the  infected  pastures 
without  proper  precaution  being  taken  to  prevent  infection.  Destroy 
anyone  of  these  conditions  and  fluke  disease  will  be  destroyed;  con- 
trol any  one  of  these  conditions  and  the  disease  will  be  controlled  in 
equal  measure. 

These  conditions  may  be  controlled  or  held  in  check  by  the  following 
means : 

(1)  To  prevent  the  scattering^/  eggs  in  the  fields: 

(a)  In  buying  cattle  or  sheep,  do  not  purchase  any  from  a  flaky  herd, 
as  they  may  introduce  the  disease  to  your  farm. 

(1)  If  animals  are  fluked,  send  those  which  are  most  affected  to  the 
butcher  and  place  the  others  on  dry  ground. 

(c)  Destroy  the  livers  of  the  slaughtered  fluked  animals,  or  if  used 
as  food  for  animals  (dogs,  etc.,)  they  should  first  be  cooked  in  order  to 
kill  the  eggs ;  if  this  precaution  is  not  taken,  the  fresh  eggs  will  pass 
through  the  intestine  of  the  dogs  uninjured  and  be  scattered  over  fields. 

(d)  Manure  of  fluky  animals  should  never  be  placed  upon  wet  ground. 
It  is,  however,  not  dangerous  to  use  such  manure  upon  dry  ground. 

(e)  "As  rabbits  and  hares  may  introduce  the  disease  into  a  district, 
or  may  keep  up  an  infection  if  once  introduced,  these  animals  should 
be  kept  down  as  much  as  possible."    This  is  not  always  practicable. 

(/)  Where  animals  very  heavily  infested  with  flukes  have  pastured 
on  a  given  piece  of  ground,  some  one  should  go  over  the  field  with  a 
spade  and  spread  out  the  patches  of  manure,  so  that  it  will  dry  more 
rapidly,  and  thus  the  eggs  may  be  more  quickly  destroyed.  A  spade 
full  of  lime  or  dust  will  aid  in  drying  up  the  manure  patches. 

(g)  Manure  of  fluky  animals  should  not  be  stored  where  it  can  drain 
into  pastures. 

(2)  To  control  the  second  condition,  i.  e.,  marshy  ground: 

(d)  The  marshes  should  be  drained,  if  possible,  so  that  the  snails 
may  be  gotten  rid  of. 

(&)  It  has  been  noticed  that  sheep  which  pasture  on  salty  marshes 
are  not  fluked ;  accordingly  dressings  of  salt,  to  which  lime  may  be 
added,  should  be  spread  over  the  pasture,  as  salt  and  lime  will  destroy 
the  embryos,  the  encysted  cercariae,  and  the  snails.  May  to  August 
are  the  best  months  for  scattering  these  substances. 

Lime  will  destroy  the  grass  for  immediate  use,  but  will  in  some  cases 
be  advantageous  to  the  soil.  The  farmer  must  decide  for  himself 
whether  he  should  use  salt  alone  or  lime  and  salt. 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.       47 

(c)  If  the  marshy  ground  can  not  be  controlled,  place  the  animals  on 
higher  ground. 

(3)  To  destroy  the  snail. — This  may  be  done  by  draining  the  fields, 
thus  depriving  the  snails  of  the  conditions  necessary  for  their  develop- 
ment, or  by  the  free  use  of  salt  and  lime. 

(4)  General  precautions  to  be  taken : 

(a)  It  is  known  that  salt  will  kill  the  cercariae;  accordingly  if  salt  is 
given  to  the  animals  they  stand  a  better  chance  of  escaping  hepatic 
infection,  even  if  the  germs  are  swallowed,  not  only  because  this  sub- 
stance kills  the  young  flukes,  but  because  it  aids  the  animals  in  their 
digestion.  The  following  experiment  is  interesting  in  this  connection: 

A  number  of  uninfected  sheep  were  selected  and  divided  into  two  flocks,  then 
placed  upon  pasturage  which  was  known  to  be  infected.  One  flock  received  no 
special  attention,  while  the  sheep  of  the  other  flock  were  fed  a  quarter  of  an  ounce 
of  common  salt  well  mixed  with  half  a  pint  of  oats  every  day  that  they  were  on  the 
pastures;  but  when  fed  upon  turnips,  vetches,  etc.,  the  allowance  of  salt  and  corn 
[=oats]  was  not  given.  The  first  flock  were  so  infected  with  flukes  that  they  could 
not  be  kept  through  the  winter,  while  the  second  flock  was  quite  sound.  The  corn 
[=oats]  and  salt  had  cost  about  3s.  (75  cents)  per  head;  the  profit  was  about  50s. 
($12.50)  per  head.— T.  P.  HEATH,  Western  Morning  News,  October  14,  1882. 

(&)  A  daily  allowance  of  dry  food  should  be  given. 

(c)  If  fields  are  overstocked  the  animals  will  be  obliged  to  graze  very 
close  to  the  ground,  and  will  thus  be  more  liable  to  become  infected; 
accordingly,  in  order  to  prevent  this  close  grazing,  fields  should  not 
be  overstocked. 

(d)  Animals  should  not  be  left  too  long  upon  the  same  pasture. 

(e)  Eaised  watertanks  should  be  placed  in  the  pastures  so  that  the 
herds  will  not  be  forced  to  drink  from  pools,  etc.     As  it  is  difficult  for 
snails  to  get  into  such  drinking  tanks,  there  will  be  little  fear  of  infec- 
tions from  tanks  of  this  sort. 

ABATTOIR  INSPECTION. 

Fluked  animals  as  food. — If  only  a  few  flukes  are  found  in  the  liver 
and  these  have  not  caused  any  extensive  pathological  changes,  there 
seems  to  be  no  valid  reason  for  condemning  the  entire  organ  as  food, 
for  the  eggs  would  be  perfectly  harmless  if  eaten ;  the  adult  parasites, 
if  swallowed  alive,  might  cause  some  temporary  injury,  but  as  liver  is 
well  cooked  in  this  country,  there  is  scarcely  any  chance  that  the  adult 
worm  would  be  swallowed  alive;  if  the  pathological  change  is  confined 
to  a  portion  of  the  liver,  that  portion  can  be  cut  out  and  the  rest  may 
be  used  for  food ;  in  case  of  a  general  cirrhosis,  or  in  case  of  suppurat- 
ing inflammation  of  the  tissue,  caused  by  the  wandering  of  flukes 
through  the  same,  the  liver  should  be  condemned  to  the  tank.  There 
is  generally  no  particular  alteration  to  be  noticed  in  the  flesh  of  fluked 
cattle,  uuless  the  livers  are  very  far  gone,  in  which  case  the  meat  is 
more  "flabby"  and  lighter  than  usual.  In  the  case  of  badly  fluked 
sheep,  the  flesh  is  of  a  very  poor  quality  and  contains  but  little  nour- 


48  INSPECTION    OP    MEATS    FOR    ANIMAL    PARASITES. 

ishment;  it  is  pale  and  "  flabby,"  and  according  to  European  autnors 
it  should  not  be  placed  on  the  market  in  case  the  sheep  have  passed 
Gerlach's  second  stage  of  the  disease. 

JURISPRUDENCE. 

In  this  country  we  have  no  general  laws  protecting  a  person  in  case 
he  buys  fluked  animals.  In  Germany,  Austria,  and  Switzerland  cer- 
tain laws  protect  the  buyer,  so  that  if  fluke  disease  shows  itself  in  a 
flock  within  a  stated  time  after  purchase  the  contract  is  void. 

THE  COMMON  LIVER  FLUKE   IN  MAN. 

This  parasite  is  rare  in  man,  only  about  twenty  cases  being  on  record 
of  its  presence  in  the  bile  ducts.    It  is  not  at  all  impossible  that  the 
parasites  described  as  Hexatliyridium  venarum,  Distomum  oculi-humani 
(D.ophthalmobium),a,u<i  Monostomum  lentis  are  young 
erratic  liver  flukes. 

The  fluke  may  produce  serious  trouble  in  man, 
which  may  result  fatally. 

VARIETIES   OF   THE   COMMON    LIVER  FLUKE. 

Several  varieties  of  the  Common  Liver  Fluke  have  been 
described  by  different  authors,  and  although  they  have  not 
yet  been  recorded  in  this  country,  they  should  be  mentioned 
briefly  in  this  report  : 


FIG   23  —The   Narrow     (a)  ^HE  NARROW  LIVER  FLUKE  (Fasciola  hepatica  anguata)  OF 

Liver  Fluke  (Fasciola  SENEGAL  CATTLE  AND  MAN(?). 

hepatica  angutta),  nat- 

ural  size  (original,  [Figs.  23  and  24.] 

from  one  of  the  cotype 

specimens).  This  variety  has  recently  been  described  by  Railliet  (1895, 

p.  338)  from  specimens  taken  from  cattle  slaughtered  at  St. 

Louis,  Senegal.  Blanchard  (1895,  p.  733)  thinks  it  identical  with  Fasciola  gigantica 
(see  p.  49)  of  the  giraffe.  He  also  considers  it  identical  with  a  parasite  expectorated 
by  a  French  naval  officer  in  Brazil  and  recorded  by  Gouvea  (1895).  See  also  the 
next  variety. 

(5)  THE  EGYPTIAN  LIVER  FLUKE  (Fasciola  hepatica  aegyptlaca)  OF  BUFFALO  ANI> 

CATTLE. 

[Figs.  25  and  26.] 

This  parasite  was  originally  described  by  Looss  (1896,  pp.  33-36,  192)  as  a  variety 
of  the  common  fluke,  but  he  has  recently  written  to  us  that  he  is  now  inclined  to 
look  upon  it  as  a  distinct  species.  He  found  the  parasite  in  the  liver  of  cattle  (Bos 
taurus)  and  buffalo  (Bos  lubalis).  Blanchard  (1896,  p.  733)  evidently  considers  this 
form  identical  with  both  the  narrow  fluke  (F.  hepatica  angusta)  and  the  giant  fluke 
(F.  gigantica,  p.  49). 

(c)  THE  COMMON  LIVER  FLUKE  (Fasciola  hepatica  caviae)  OF  GUINEA  PIGS. 

SYNONYMY.  —  Distomum  caviae  Sonsino,'lC90;  Fasciola  hepatica  var.  caviae  (Sonsino) 
Sonsino,  1896. 

Sonsino  described  this  parasite  from  the  guinea  pig  as  a  distinct  species,  but  he 
now.  believes  it  to  be  a  variety  of  the  Common  Liver  Fluke. 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.   49 


3.  The  Giant  Liver  Fluke  (Fasdola 
gigantica)  of  Giraffes,  Cattle  (?), 
andMan(?). 

[Fig.  27.] 

SYNONYMY. — Faaciola gigantica  Cob- 
bold,  1856;  Distomum  giganteum  Dies- 
ing,  1858;  Diatoma  hepaticum  ex  p. 
of  Gervais  and  van  Beneden,  1858; 
Fasdola giganteaCobbold,  1859;  Clado- 
coelium  giganteum  (Diesing)  Stossich, 
1892  ex.  p. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. — For  bibliography 
and  technical  dis- 
cussion, see  Stiles, 
1894-95,   pp.    139- 
143. 

HOST.  —  Giraffe, 
cattle  (?),  andmaii 
(?).  (See  pp.  137- 
143. 

This  parasite  was 
described  from 
specimens  taken  FlG-  25.— The  Egyp- 

in  England  from  a  tian    Liver   Fluke 

.      /v.      T    T         .  (Fasdola    hepatica 
jnrane    belonging 

6     8  aegyptiaca),  drawn 

to  a  traveling  men-  from  one  of  Loo88, 

agerie.  Blanchard 
(1895,  p.  733)  be- 
lieves it  identical 


specimens,  natural 
size  (original).  See 
p.  48. 


5257— No.  19- 


with  the  narrow  fluke  (p.  48)  and 
evidently  also  with  the  Egyptian 
fluke  (p.  48). 

4.  The  Large  American  Fluke  (Faa- 
ciola magna)  of  Cattle  and  Deer. 

[Figs.  28-35]. 

For  anatomical  characters, 
compare  figs.  29  and  30  with  key, 
p.  21. 

VERNACULAR  NAMES. — English,  The 
Large  American  Fluke,  The  Grand 
Fluke;  German,  Der  grosse  amerikan- 
ische  Leberegel;  French,  Grand  Dis- 
tome;  Italian,  Distoma  grande,  Distoma 
magno. 

SYNONYMY.  —  Distomum  magnum 
Bassi,  1875;  Faaciola  carnosa  Hassall, 
1891;  F.  americana  Hassall,  1891; 

FIG.  24.— The  Narrow  Liver  Fluke  (Fateiola  hepatica  angusta),  en- 
larged to  show  the  anatomical  characters :  a,  acetabulum ;  i,  in- 
testine :  m,  mouth  with  oral  sucker ;  o,  ovary ;  p,  pharyngeal  bulb ; 
*,  shell  gland ;  t,  profusely  branched  testicles ;  u,  uterus ;  va, 
vagina ;  vg,  profusely  branched  vitellogene  glands.  See  p.  48. 


50  INSPECTION    OF    MEATS    FOB   ANIMAL    PARASITES. 

,m 


FIG.  26.— The  Egyptian  Liver  Fluke  (FowetoZa  hepatica 
aegyptiaca),  enlarged  to  show  the  anatomical  charac- 
ters: a,  acetabulum;  c,  cirrus  pouch;  i,  intestine; 
m,  mouth  with  oral  sucker ;  o,  ovary ;  «,  shell  gland ; 
t,  profusely  branched  testicles;  ut,  nterus;  va,  va- 
gina; vg,  profusely  branched  vitellogene  glands. 
(After  Looss,  1896,  PI.  Ill,  fig.  16.)  See  p.  48. 


FIG.  27.— The  Giant  Liver 
Fluke  (Fasciolagigantica), 
enlarged  to  show  the  anat- 
omy. (After  Cobbold, 
1864.)  See  p.  49. 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.   51 


Distomum  texanicum  Francis,  1891;   D.  americanum  (Hassall)  Stiles,  1892;    Fasciola 
magna  (Bassi)  Stiles,  1894. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY.— For  bibliography  and  technical  discussion,  see  Stiles  (1894-1895). 

HOSTS. — Cattle,  deer»  and  other  animals.     (See  pp.  137-143.) 

GEOGRAPHICAL  DISTRIBUTION.— North  America  (Texas,  Arkansas,  Indian  Terri- 
tory, California,  Iowa,  Illinois,  New  York,  and  probably  else- 
where);  Europe  (Italy). 

The  Large  American  Fluke  appears  to  be  more 
frequent  in  this  country  than  the  so-called  Common 
Liver  Fluke,  although  this  opinion  is  the  result  of 
general  impression  from  abattoir  inspection  rather 
than  a  view  based  upon  actual  statistics.  The  para- 
site was  first  described  by  Bassi,  who  found  it  pro- 
ducing a  fatal  epizootic  among  the  deer  of  the  Royal 
Park  near  Turin,  Italy,  where  it  is  supposed  to  have 
been  introduced  with  imported  Wapiti  from  North 
America.  Dinwiddie  has  found  that  in  some  counties 
of  Arkansas  practically  all  the  cattle  are  infected 

with  this  worm,  and 
for  years  the  livers  of 
cattle  from  certain 
districts  have  been 
unfit  for  use.  As  the 
infected  area  fell 
within  the  cattle-fever 
district,  some  persons 
erroneously  thought  that  the  changes 
produced  in  the  liver  were  due  to  Texas 
fever.  Fortunately  this  species  (so  far 
as  known)  does  not  occur  in  sheep,  and 
on  that  account  it  must  be  looked  upon 
as  of  less  importance  than  the  common 
fluke. 

Leidy  (1891)  thought  this  species 
identical  with  "  Distomum  crassum," 
which  occurs  in  man,  and  Stossich 
(1892)  considered  it  identical  with  the 
giant  fluke  Gladocoelium  glganteum 
(  =  Fasciola  gigantica)  of  giraffes. 

Life  history. — The  complete  life  .his- 
tory of  this  parasite  has  not  yet  been 
experimentally  demonstrated,  but  as  the 
species  is  so  closely  allied  to  the  Common  Liver  Fluke,  it  will  un- 
questionably be  found  that  the  life  cycle  agrees  with  that  given  for 
Fasciola  hepatica  (p.  30). 

Upon  several  different  occasions  experiments  have  been  instituted  in 
this  Bureau  to  trace  out  the  life  cycle,  but  the  snails  we  have  collected 


FIG.  28.— The  Large 
American  Fluke  (Fas- 
ciola magna),  natural 
size  (original). 


Flo.  29.— Macerated  specimen  of  Large 
American  Fluke,  showing  the  digestive 
system  and  acetabulum.  X  2.  (After 
Stiles,  1894,  p.  226,  fig.  2.) 


52 


INSPECTION    OF    MEATS    FOR    ANIMAL    PARASITES. 


in  the  locality  of  tbe  District  of  Columbia  have  thus  far  not  taken  the 
infection. 

Egg. — The  eggs  (fig.  32)  of  F.  magna  can  hardly  be  distinguished  from 
those  of  F.  hepatica.  In  general,  however,  they  are  slightly  larger,  In 
F.  hepatica  they  vary  from  0.105  mrn.  to  0.145  mm.  (rarely  0.172  mm.) 
long  by  0.063  mm.  to  0.09  mm.  broad.  In  F.  magna  they  vary  from 

0.109  mm.  to  0.168  min.long 
by  0.075  mm.  to  0.096  mm. 
broad.  The  structure  of 
the  egg  agrees  perfectly 
with  that  given  for  the 
Common  Liver  Fluke,  so 
that  a  differential  diagnosis 
in  faecal  examinations  is 
impossible.  Upon  several 
different  occasions  we  have 
raised  the  — 

Miracidium  (figs.  33, 34), 
which  agrees  with  the  cili- 
ated embryo  of  F.  hepatica 
(see  p.  32).  It  is  covered 
with  a  ciliated  epithelium, 
and  upon  its  anterior  end 
is  found  a  papilla  in  which 
an  opening  is  perfectly  visi- 
ble. This  opening  leads 
into  a  thin  string  of  tissue, 
evidently  a  rudimentary 
oesophagus,  ending  in  a 
double-lobed  body,  which 
from  homology  with  F. 
hepatica  represents  the 
rudimentary  intestine.  Im- 
mediately anterior  of  this 
is  situated  the  ganglionic 
mass  with  the  two  cup 
shaped  eye-spots.  In  the 
posterior  portion  of  the 
body  a  number  of  germ 
cells  can  be  distinguished.  The  movements  of  this  embryo  agree  with 
those  of  F.  hepatica.  The  size  varies  according  to  contraction,  but  in 
general  it  may  be  given  as  0.15  mm.  long  by  0.04  mm.  broad. 

Sporoeyst,  redia,  and  cercaria. — For  a  description  of  these  stages  (not 
yet  known  for  F.  magna),  see  pp.  32  and  33. 

The  disease. — The  remarks  upon  this  subject  on  page  36,  under  F. 
hepatica,  will  apply  in  a  general  way  to  this  parasite  also.     The  large 


FIG.  30.— Macerated  specimen  of  Large  American  Fluke 
( Faseio la  magna),  showing  the  anatomical  characters :  a, 
acetabulam;  m,  mouth  with  oral  sucker;  o,  ovary;  p, 
pharyngeal  bulb ;  s,  shell  gland ;  t,  profusely  branched  testi- 
cles; vg,  profusely  branched  vitellogene  glands.  X  2. 
(After  Stiles,  1894,  p.  236,  fig.  3.) 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.   53 


FIG.  31.— A  section  of 
the  cuticle  of  Large 
American  Fluke 
(Faseiola  magna), 
showing  the  spines. 
(After  Stiles,  1894, 
p.  227,  fig.  7.) 


fluke  appears  to  be  more  dangerous  for  cattle,  however,  than  the  com- 
mon fluke.  According  to  Francis,  many  cattle  die  from  the  effects  of 
the  common  fluke,  and  those  which  recover  do  not  thrive  the  following 
summer,  but  remain  poor  and  weak  and  fail  to  breed — remarks  which 
if  well  founded  for  F.  liepatica  would  apply  in  a  still 
greater  degree  for  F.  magna.  Heifers  coming  2  years 
old  suffered  more  than  at  any  other  age.  It  is  stated 
that  the  large  fluke  has  caused  disease  among  the 
dairy  cows  in  California,  and  Francis  is  said  to  have 
investigated  an  outbreak  in  Texas  where  the  loss  ran 
into  hundreds  of  cattle.  In  the  Italian  outbreak,  the 
disease  corresponded  with  fluke  disease  of  sheep,  and 
reached  its  highest  stage  during  the  winter  and  spring. 
Bitting  (1895)  records  fluke  disease  in  cattle  for  Flor- 
ida, but  attributes  it  to  the  common  fluke. 

Symptoms. — See  remarks  under  F.  hepatica,  pp.  34-36. 
Pathology. — The  pathological  changes  brought  about 
by  this  form  have  never  been  studied  in  detail,  but 
the  earlier  changes  will  doubt- 
less agree  with  those  described 
for  F.  liepatica.  In  heavily  in- 
fected livers  there  is  a  much 
greater  tendency  to  the  forma- 
tion of  large  cysts  in  the  liver,  in  which  several 
parasites  are  present.  Dinwiddie  has  described 
a  post  mortem  as  follows: 

Apparently  in  good  health  and  fair  butchering  condition. 
The  "fat  caul"  seen  on  first  opening  the  abdomen  as  a 
large    sheet  was   dotted  with  black   spots   and  streaks. 
Lymphatic  glands  on  the  concave  sur- 
face of  the  liver  were  much  swollen 
and  black  in  color.     The  liver  itself 

large  number  of  vitelline     was  enlarged   and  darkened   on    the 
cells,  and  an  eggshell  pro-  ,.  .,,  ,  ,. 

surface,  with  a  number  of  prominent 
vided  With  a  cap.    (After 

Stiles,  1894,  p.  227,  fig.  4. )  elevations,  some  appearing  like  blisters 
and  some  more  or.less  solid,  and  vary- 
ing greatly  in  size.  A  longitudinal  section  showed  the  presence 
of  many  cavities,  some  containing  a  dark  fluid  in  which  were 
floating  granules  and  shreds  of  tissue.  One  very  large  cavity, 
about  2  inches  in  diameter,  with  irregular  yellowish  colored 
walls,  besides  the  dark-colored  flu  id  above  mentioned,  contained  FIG.  33.— Ciliated  em- 
also  two  flat,  leaf-like  bodies  about  one  inch  in  length  and  slightly 
less  in  breadth.  They  were  fished  out  and  recognized  as  "flukes." 
More  of  these  were  obtained  from  other  cavities.  Several  other 
cavities  contained  solid,  greenish-yellow,  gritty  matter,  and  no 
parasites.  A  section  made  through  the  liver  in  any  direction  cut 
through  one  or  more  of  these  cysts.  They  were  situated  near  the  surface  of  the  organ 
or  in  its  substance  indiscriminately.  Those  that'contained  the  "fluke  "  were  usually 
of  medium  or  smaller  size,  and  the  parasite  was  found  folded  or  curled  upon  itself 
longitudinally  and  surrounded  by  fluid.  *  *  *  The  shreds  of  tissue  found  in 


FIG.  32.— Egg  of  Large  Amer- 
ican Fluke,  showing  the 
germ  cell,  surrounded  by  a 


b  r  y  o  (miracidium) 
of  Large  American 
Fluke  withinthe  egg- 
shell. (After  Stiles, 
1894,  p.  227,  fig.  5.) 


INSPECTION    OF    MEATS    FOR    ANIMAL    PARASITES. 


those  cysts,  which  did  not  contain  the  living  paratutes,  were  shown  by  microscopic 
examination  to  be  the  d6bris  of  dead  and  partly  decomposed  llukes. 

Such  were  the  gross  appearances  of  the  livers  of  at  least  three-fourths  of  the  cattle 
slaughtered  during  the  spring  and  summer  at  this  place,  and 
about  90  per  cent  of  all  coming  from  certain  ranges  in  St. 
Francis  and  Lee  counties  [Arkansas]. 

I  am  inclined  to  think  that  the  effects  of  the  para- 
site upon  cattle  have  possibly  been  somewhat  over- 
estimated, for  I  have  seen  cattle  in  abattoirs  which 
were   apparently   in   excellent  condition    and   yet 
whose  livers  were  literally  composed  almost  entirely 
of   flukes   and   their  cysts.      The  question   arises 
whether  other  factors  (Texas  fever,  blackleg,  etc.) 
also  were  not  concerned  in  the  outbreaks  among 
FIG  34— Free  embryo  cattle  which  have  been  attributed  to  this  parasite, 
(miracidium)  of  Large  A  small  number  of  these  worms  certainly  has  little 
American  Fluke  (*•«*-  or  uo  appreciable  effect  upon  cattle,  and  even  when 

ola     magna),     snowing 

ciliated  epithelium,  bor-  a  large  number  is  present  the  effects  do  not  appear 

ing  papilla,  rudiinen-    to    fog   very    great    in    the    Case   Of  full-grOWU    Steers. 

tary   oesophagus,    and 

intestine;  eye  spots  sit-  The  fact  that  Francis  has  attributed  the  death  of 
uated  above  the  gan-  a  liumber  of  cattle  (chiefly  2-year-olds)  to  this  worm 

glionic   mass,  and  germ     .  .  u     «.  AI.  -UT-UJ 

cells.    (After  stiles,   1S  deserving  of  attention,  but  the  published  accounts 
1894,  p.  227,  fig.  e.)  of  these  outbreaks  are  not  detailed  enough  to  allow  a 

satisfactory  conclusion.  While  it  must  be  admitted  that  the  patho- 
logical changes  in  the  liver  of  cattle  caused  by  this  parasite  can  not 
help  producing 
some  effect  upon 
the  host,  we  are 
perfectly  war- 
ranted iu  the 
statement  that 
the  Large  Amer- 
ican Fluke  bears 
a  much  less  im- 
portant relation 
to  the  cattle  in- 
dustry than  the 
common  fluke 
bears  to  the 
sheep  industry. 
Diagnosis. — 
Same  as  for  the 

Common      fluke.  FIG.  35.— Cyst  in  the  liver,  caused  by  Large  American  Fluke.    (After  Stiles, 

(See  p.  39.)  1894, P. 226,  ag. i.) 

Position  of  the  parasites. — Thus  far  the  large  fluke  has  been  recorded 
only  in  the  liver  and  lungs. 

Influence  of  age. — The  remarks  on  page  40  under  this  heading  will 
doubtless  be  found  to  hold  for  the  large  fluke  also. 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,   AND  SWINE.       55 


FIG.  36.— Lancet  Fluke 
( Dicrocoelium  lancea- 
tum), natural  size 
(original). 


Geographical  distribution;  fluky  years  and  fluky  seasons. — F.  magna 
is  known  from  the  localities  given  on  page  51.  (See  also  remarks  under 
this  head  in  the  discussion  of  F.  hepatica,  p.  40.) 

Time  of  infection. — The  remarks  under  this  head 
on  page  42  will  apply  in  a  general  way  to  this  para-  /) 

site  also.  " 

Source  of  infection. — The  intermediate  host  is  as  yet 
unknown,  but  it  should  not 
be  a  difficult  matter  to  deter- 
mine this  point  in  the  iii- 
fected  areas.  It  will  un- 
doubtedly be  found  to  be  a  snail,  probably  of 
the  genus  Limnaea. 

Treatment  and  preventive  measures. — See 
pages  43-47. 

ABATTOIR  INSPECTION. 

Fluked  animals  as  food. — Regarding  the 
flukes  in  the  liver,  see  page  47.  I  have  ex- 
amined the  meat  of  a  large  number  of  cattle 
whose  livers  were  infested  with  this  parasite, 
and  have  been  unable  to  find  any  ground  for 
excluding  the  meat  from  market.  (See  also 
pp.  47-48.) 

DICROCOELES   (Distomes   of  the  Genus   Dicro- 
coelium). 

One  representative  of  this  genus,  namely,  D.  lancea- 
tum,  has  been  recorded  for  cattle,  sheep,  and  hogs,  and 
a  second  species  (D.  pancreaticum)  has  been  recorded 
for  cattle  and  sheep,  but  there  is  no  satisfactory  evi- 
dence that  either  parasite  is  present  in  this  country. 
(See  p.  56.) 

5.  The  Lancet  Fluke  (Dicrocoelium  lanceatum)  of  Cat- 
tle, Sheep,  and  Swine. 

[Figs.  36-39.] 

For  anatomical  characters,  compare  fig.  37 
with  key,  p.  21. 


FIG.  37. — Lancet  Fluke,  enlarged 
to  show  the  anatomical  charac- 
ters :  a,  acetabulum ;  c,  cirrus 
pouch;  i,  intestine;  m,  mouth 
with  oral  sucker;  o,  ovary;  oe, 
oesophagus;  p,  pharyngeal 
bulb;  t,  lobato  testicles;  u, 
uterus;  va,  vagina;  vg.  vitello- 
geue  glands.  (After  Stiles  & 
Hassall,  1894,  PI.  IV,  fig.  19.) 


VERNACULAR  NAMES. — English,  Lancet  Fluke;  Ger- 
man, Der  lanzettformige  Leberegel,  das  lanzettfb'rmige 
Doppelloch;  French,  Distome  lanceole";  Italian,  Distoma 
lanceolato. 

SYNONYMY. — Fasciola  lanceolata  Rudolphi,  1803  [uec 
Schrank,  1790]  ;  Distoma  lanceolatum  (Rudolphi)  Mehlis, 
1825;  "  Distoma  (Dicrocoelium)  lanceolatum  Mehlis"  of 
Dujardin,  1845;  "  Distomum  lanceolatum  Mehlis"  of  Diesing,  1850;  "Dicrocoelium 
lanceolatum  Dujardin"  of  Weinland,  1858;  "  Fasclola  Euchholzii  Jordens,  1801,"  mis- 
print of  Braun,  1889;  Dicrocoelium  lanceatum  Stiles  &  Hassall,  1896. 


56 


INSPECTION    OF    MEATS    FOR    ANIMAL    PARASITES. 


For  detailed  tech- 


(See 


FIG.  38.— Egg  of  Lan- 
cet Fluke  (Diero- 
coelium  lanceatum) 
•with  contained 
embryo.  X  700. 
(After  Leuckart, 
1889,  p.  379,  fig.  171.) 


FIG.  39. — Free  embryo  (miracidium)  of  the 
Lancet  Fluke:  A,  lateral  view;  B,  dorsal 
view.  (After  Lenckart,  1889,  p.  385,  fig. 
175  A,  B.) 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. — No  extensive  bibliography  as  yet  published. 
uical  discussion,  see  Leuckart  (1889,  pp.  359-399). 

HOSTS. — Man,  cattle,  sheep,  swine,  and  other  animals, 
pp.  137-143.) 

GEOGRAPHICAL  DISTRIBUTION. — Very  extended,  especially  in 
Europe,  but  apparently  not  in  England  or  North  America. 

Life  history. — The  complete  development  of  this  par- 
asite is  not  yet  known,  although  it  is  undoubtedly  an 
indirect  development  with  change  of  host,  the  inter- 
mediate host  being  some  mollusk. 

Von  Willemoes-Suhm  looked  upon  Planorbismarginatus  as  inter- 
mediate host ;  a  Limnaea  has  also  been  viewed  with  suspicion. 
Leuckart  found  some  cerca- 
riae  in  a  Planorbis,  which  he 
suspected  fora  while  repre- 
sented the  larval  stage  of 
this  worm ;  but  as  none  of 
these  snails  have  as  yet  been 
experimentally  proven  to  be 
the  host  of  the  larval  stage  of  the  parasite,  the 
question  is  at  present  far  from  being  solved. 
In  Leuckart's  most  recent  experiments  he  has 
fed  eggs  of  the  parasite  to  certain  small  slugs 
and  noticed  that  the  embryos  escaped  from  the  egg,  but  were  unable  to  develop 

into  the  sporocyst  stage.  That  the  embryos 
escaped  from  the  eggshell  in  the  intestine  of 
slugs  points  to  the  fact  that  the  experiments 
are  in  the  right  direction,  and  that  it  will  proba- 
bly be  fonnd  that  some  snail  belonging  to  the 
family  Limacidae — the  slugs — in  the  order  of  the 
Pulmonata  serves  as  intermediate  host  to  the 
Lancet  Fluke. 

«W/.((         ^&%3£\  The  Lancet  Fluke  is  much  less  danger- 

ous, owing  to  its  smaller  size  and  un- 
armed cuticle,  than  either  the  common 
fluke  or  the  large  fluke;  and  the  path- 
ological changes  caused  by  the  Lancet 
Fluke,  even  when  present  in  large  num- 
bers, are  scarcely  ever  more  than  a  ca- 
tarrhal  affection  of  the  gall  ducts,  rarely 
with  secondary  troubles.  The  parasite 
is  frequently  found  in  very  large  numbers, 
cases  being  recorded  where  1,000  speci- 
mens or  more  have  been  taken  from  a 
single  liver;  it  may  occur  alone  or  in 
company  with  F.  hepatica.  It  has  been 
recorded  about  six  times  in  man. 

Leidy  (1856,  p.  43)  says  that  this  para- 
site is  "  stated  to  be  frequent  in  sheep  in 
several  of  the  Western  States."  This 

"statement"  may  be  correct,  but  we  have  not  yet  been  able  to  verify  it. 


FIG.  40 — The  Pancreatic  Fluke  (Dicro- 
coelium  panereaticitm) ,  enlarged  to  show 
the  anatomical  characters :  a,  acetabu- 
lum ;  c,  cirrus  pouch ;  ep,  excretory  pore ; 
i,  intestine ;  m,  mouth  with  oral  sucker ; 
ov,  ovary ;  ph,  pharyngeal  bulb ;  t,  testi- 
cles; u,  uterus;  va,  vagina;  vg,  vitel- 
logene  glands.  (After  Eailliet,  1897.) 
See  p. 57. 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AMD  SWINE.   57 


ABATTOIR  INSPECTION. 

In  abattoir  inspection,  the  rules  given  for  infection  with  F.  hepatica 
(p.  47)  would  apply  to  cases  of  infection  with  the  Lancet  Fluke. 

6.  The  Pancreatic  Fluke  (Dicrocoelium  pancreaticum)  of  Cattle  and  Sheep. 

[Fig.  40.] 

For  anatomical  characters,  see  key,  p.  21. 

SYNONYMY. — Distoma  pancreaticum  Railliet,  1890;  Distoma  coelomaticnm  Giard  & 
Billet,  1892;  Distomum  pancreaticum 
Jauson,  1893;  Distoma  (Dicrocoelium) 
coelomaticum  Giard  &  Billet  of  Rail- 
liet, 1896;  Dicrocoelium  pancreaticum 
(Railhet)  Railliet,  1897. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. — Railliet,  1897,  pp. 
371-377. 

HOSTS. — Japanese  cattle  and  sheep, 
Cambodia  cattle  and-  Indian  buffalo. 
(See  pp.  137-143.) 

The  Pancreatic  Fluke,  which 
is  somewhat  smaller  than  the 
common  fluke  but  larger  than 
the  Lancet  Fluke,  has  been  found 
in  Japan,  Tonkin,  and  Cochin 
China,  but  is  not.  yet  recorded 
for  North  America;  it  is  said  to 
be  present  in  about  50  per  cent 
of  the  cattle  and  buffaloes  of 
Cochin  China,  slaughtered  in 
good  condition,  and  in  90  per 
cent  of  the  cachectic  animals; 
it  is  found  at  all  seasons  of  the 
year,  both  wet  and  dry.  Its 
normal  seat  is  the  Ductus  Wir- 
sugianus  and  its  branches,  which 
are  occasionally  given  a  sausage- 
like  appearance  by  the  presence 
of  the  parasites.  The  local  lesions 
developed  by  the  presence  of  the 
Pancreatic  Fluke  are  not  gen- 
erally very  extensive;  in  many 
cases  the  pancreas  seems  quite 
normal;  when  the  infection  is 
extensive,  however,  this  organ  is  thicker  and  heavier  than  usual;  occa- 
sionally blackish  streaks  are  noticed  on  the  surface,  representing  the 
infected  canals,  but  usually  it  is  necessary  to  cut  into  the  organ  in  order 
to  recognize  an  infection.  Even  when  the  infected  canals  assume  a 
sausage-like  or  moniliform  appearance,  no  abnormal  fluid  appears  to  be 
present,  and  the  thickening  and  induration  of  the  walls  are  scarcely 
noticeable. 


FIG.  41. — Male  and  female  specimens  of  the  Human 
Blood  Fluke  ( tichistosoma  haematobium) ,  enlarged. 
X12.  (After  Looas,  1896,  PI.  XI,  fig.  107.)  See  p.  58. 


58 


INSPECTION   OF    MEATS    FOR   ANIMAL    PARASITES. 


There  is  at  present  no  reason  to  assume  that  these  parasites  would 
continue  to  live  for  any  length  of  time  if  accidentally  eaten  by  man;  ill 
fact,  their  direct  transmission  from  cattle  to  mail  through  eating  sweet- 
breads infected  by  them  is  contrary  to  analogy. 

Dioecious  Distomes  (Flukes  of  the  Subfamily  Schistosominae}. 

BLOOD  FLUKES  (Distomes  of  the  Genus  Schistosoma). 

Flukes  of  this  genus,  only  a  few  of  which  are  known,  live  in  the  veins  of  mammals 

and  birds.  At  least  one  species  (S. 
bovis)  is  found  in  cattle  and  sheep, 
while  the  occurrence  of  a  second  form 
(S.  haematobium)  in  cattle  is  as  yet  in 
need  of  confirmation. 

The  Human  Blood  Fluke  has  been 
found  twice  in  this  country  :  once  in  a 
foreigner  on  the  "  Midway"  during  the 
World's  Fair,  and  ouce  in  New  York. 

7.  The  Human  Blood  Fluke  (Schis- 
tosoma haematobium)  of  Man  and 
Cattle  (?). 

[Figs.  41-44,48.] 

For  anatomical  characters,com- 
pare  figs.  41-43  with  key,  p.  21. 

SYNONYMY.— Distomum  haematobium 
Bilharz,  1852 ;  Schistosoma  haematobium 
(Bilharz)  Weinlaud,  1858;  Cyiiaecopho- 
rus  haematobius  (Bilharz)  Diesmg, 
1858;  Bilharzia  haemutobia  (Bilharz) 
Cobbold,  1859;  (?)  Bilharzia  magua 
Cobbold,  1859 ;  Thecosoma  haematobium 
(Bilharz)  Moquin-Taudon,  1860;  Dis- 
toma  capense  Harley,  1864,  nomeii 
nudum;  Bilharzia  capensis  Harley, 
1864;  Bilharzia  haematobia  hominis 
Kowalewski,  1895;  (?)  Bilharzia  hae- 
matobia mayna  (Cobbold)  Kowalewski, 
1895;  Schistosomum  haematobium  (Bil- 
harz) of  Blanchard,  1895. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. — For  bibliography, 
see  Huber  (1894,  pp.  294-305).  For 
detailed  anatomical  study,  see  Looss 
(1895,  pp.  1-108)  and  Leuckart  (1894, 
pp.  464-534). 

HOSTS. — Man,  Sooty  monkey  (?), 
and  cattle  ( ?  ).  (See  pp.  137-143.) 

GEOGRAPHICAL  DISTRIBUTION.— Af- 
rica. 


VS, 


FIG.  42.— Anterior  portion  of  male  Human  Blood  Fluke 
(Schistosoma  haematobium),  showing  theanatomical 
characters:  a, acetabulum;  gc,  cerebral  ganglion ; gl, 
glands  of  oesophagus  (oe) ;  i,  intestine ;  nda,  dorsal 
anterior  nerve;  ndp,  dorsal  posterior  nerve;  nla, 
lateral  anterior  nerve ;  nva,  ventral  anterior  nerve ; 
nvp,  ventral  posterior  nerve ;  plv,  lateral  posterior 
nerve;  pg,  genital  pore;  t,  testicles;  vs,  vesicula 
seminalis.  (After  Looss,  1895,  PL  II,  fig.  18.) 


Life  history. — The  following  may  be  taken  as  a  summary  of  our 
present  incomplete  knowledge  of  the  life  history  of  this  parasite.  The 
eggs  which  are  passed  in  the  urine  contain  a  ciliated  embryo  possessing 
a  terminal  papilla;  a  rudimentary  intestinal  sac,  at  each  side  of  which 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.   59 


is  a  large  glandular  cell  5  a  rudi- 
mentary nervous  system;  an 
excretory  system,  and  a  number 
of  germinal  cells.  While  in 
the  fresh  urine  the  embryo  is 
comparatively  quiet,  but  more 
active  movements  can  be 
brought  about  by  the  addition 
of  water ;  water  also  causes  the 
shell  to  burst,  the  embryo  be- 
coming free ;  preserved  in  urine 
the  embryos  die  within  about 
two  hours.  From  this  embry- 
onic stage  to  the  time  when 
the  parasites  are  found  in  the 
body  we  have  no  positive  data 
concerning  the  life  history, 
although  clinical  observation 
and  analogy  point  to  unfiltered 
water  as  the  source  of  infection. 

Sonsiiio  concluded  from  his  recent 
investigations  that  fresh-water  crus- 
taceans (Gammarus  Simoni)  and  in- 
sects form  the  intermediate  hosts; 
that  the  embryo  develops  through  a 
larval  stage  ("Dicotyle"),  but  with- 
out an  alternation  of  generations, 
and  that  man  becomes  infected  by 
swallowing  the  "Dicotyle," 

While  analogy  points  directly  to 
some  fresh-water  invertebrate  as  the 
intermediate  host,  the  presence  of 
germ  cells  in  the  miracidium  points 
to  a  necessary  alternation  of  genera- 
tions as  opposed  to  Sonsino's  idea  of 
a  metamorphosis. 

Hosts. — The  Human  Blood 
Fluke  is  found  in  man  in  Af- 
rica, especially  in  Egypt.  A 
parasite  found  by  Cobbold  in 
the  Sooty  monkey  ( Cercopithe- 
cusfuliginosus),  and  described 
as  Billiarzia  magna,  may  pos- 
sibly be  identical  with  this 
parasite  of  man. 

Cobbold,  Leuckart,  and  Blanchard 
admit  the  identity  of  the  two  forms, 
while  some  other  authors  do  not  con- 
sider the  point  as  yet  established. 


FIG.  43.  —  Anterior 
portion  of  female 
Human  Blood 
Fluke  (Schistosoma 
haematobium),  showing  the  ana- 
tomical characters:  a,  acetabu- 
lum ;  i,  intestine  which  is  double  for  some  distance,  but 
the  two  caeca  unite  (i)  back  of  the  ovary ;  oe,  oesopha- 
gus ;  oo,  ootyp ;  ov,  ovary ;  ovd,  oviduct;  pg,  genital  pore; 
»g,  shell  gland;  sn,  nervous  system;  ut,  uterus;  vtd, 
vitello  duct;  vg,  vitellogene  glands.  X  38.  (After 
Looss,  1896,  PI.  XI,  fig.  108.) 


60 


INSPECTION    OF    MEATS    FOR   ANIMAL    PARASITES. 


FIG.  44. — Egg  of  Human 
Blood  Fluke  (Schistosoma 
haematobium),  with  con- 
tained embryo,  passed  in 
the  urine.  X  285.  (After 
LOOBS,  1896,  PL  XI,  112.) 


Schistosoma  haematobium  has  been  recorded  once  from  cattle  in  Cal- 
cutta, but  the  determination  is  perhaps  open  to  question.  The  exact 
data  given  are  as  follows: 

Bomford  found  the  peculiar  uncinate  ova  of  Bilharzia  on  microscopic  examination 
of  the  large  intestines  of  two  Calcutta  transport  cattle  de- 
stroyed on  account  of  their  being  considered  affected  with 
rinderpest.  In  one  case  numerous  eggs  were  found  in  a 
small  portion  of  the  caecum  preserved  in  absolute  alcohol. 
They  were  most  numerous  within  or  between  the  tubular 
glands  of  the  mucous  membrane,  but  were  also  present  in 
considerable  numbers  in  the  subuiucous  tissue  below  the 
muscularis  mucosae.  The  alcohol  had  shriveled  up  the  con- 
tents of  the  eggs,  but  the  external  form  of  the  shell  was 
preserved  and  the  characteristic  hook  very  clearly  seen.  In 
another  bullock  the  ova  were  found  in  some  papillomatous 
growths  removed  from  the  margin  of  the  anus.  In  this 
case  the  form  of  the  embryo  in  the  ova  could  be  dis- 
tinguished. The  ova  exactly  resemble  those  of  Distomum 
(Bilharzia)  haematobium  hitherto  found  only  in  man  (or  a 
monkey),  and  in  Africa,  Arabia,  or  Mauritius.  Sonsino's 
Bilharzia  boris  of  Egyptian  cattle  differs  in  the  spindle 
shape  of  its  eggs  and  in  their  short,  broad,  caudate  spine. 
These  bullocks  had  not  served  in  Egypt,  but  may  possibly 
have  obtained  the  parasites  from  Indian  transport  cattle 
which  had  done  so.  This  parasite  should  be  sought  for  in 
cases  of  Haematuria  of  cattle  and  when  the  ileocaecal 
ring  is  found  congested.  (See  Mem.  Med.  Officers  Army 
India,  II  (1886),  1887,  p.  53.) 

8.  The  Bovine  Blood  Fluke  (Schistosoma  boris)  of  Cattle  and  Sheep. 

[Figs.  45-47.] 

For  anatomical  characters,  compare  figs.  45  and 
46  with  the  key,  p.  21. 

SYNONYMY. — Bilharzia  boms  Sonsino,  1876;  Bilharizia 
crassa  Sonsino,  1877;  Gynaecophorus  crassus  (Sonsino)  Stos- 
sich,  1892;  Gynaecophorus  bovis  (Sonsino)  Railliet,  1893; 
Bilharzia  haematobia  crassa  (Sonsino)  Kowalewski,  1895; 
Schistosomum  bovis  (Sonsino)  R.  Blanchard,  1895. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. — For  bibliography,  see  R.  Blanchard 
(1895,  p.  191).  For  anatomical  discussion,  see  Leuckart 
(1894,  pp.  464-534). 

HOSTS. — Cattle  and  sheep.     (See  pp.  137-143.) 

GEOGRAPHICAL  DISTRIBUTION. — Egypt,  Italy,  Sicily, 
India  (?). 

This  parasite  was  discovered  by  Sonsino  (1876) 
in  Egypt  in  the  portal  veins  of  the  ox  and  later  he 
found  it  in  sheep,  while  Grassi  and  Eovelli  after- 
ward found  it  in  about  75  per  cent  of  the  sheep  slaughtered  at  Catania, 
Sicily.     The  sheep  were  born  and  raised  on  the  neighboring  plains. 

The  worm  is  said  to  bring  about  in  cattle  and  sheep  the  same  lesions 
of  the  bladder,  intestine,  etc.,  which  S.  haematobium  causes  in  man. 
Nothing  is  known  regarding  the  life  history. 


FIG.  45.— The  Bovine  Blood 
Fluke  (Schittosoma  bovis), 
male  and  female.  X  9. 
(After  Leuckart,  1894, 
p.467,  fig.  204^.) 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.       61 
THE   DISEASE   BILHARZIOSIS. 

As  this  disease  in  man  has  been  subjected  to  much  more  thorough 
study  than  the  same  malady  in  cattle  and  sheep,  the  human  subject 
may  well  be  taken  as  basis  for  the  discussion.1 

Source  of  infection. — As  already  stated,  clinical  observation  and 
analogy  point  to  unfiltered  drinking  water  as  the  source  of  infection. 

Position  of  the  parasite. — The  worms  are  found  in  the  veins  of  the 
abdomen,  the  vena  porta,  vena  linealis,  vena  renalis,  and  the  venous 
plexus  of  the  bladder  and  of  the  rectum. 

Symptoms. — The  period  of  incubation  has  not  been  definitely  deter- 
mined, but  Hatch  records  the  case  of  a  patient  who  remained  fourteen 
days  at  Suez  and  suffered  from  bilharzian  haematuria  one  month  after 
his  arrival  at  Bombay.  The 
young  parasites  appear  to 
do  no  injury;  in  fact,  even 
the  adult  worms  seem  to 
be  inoffensive  in  them- 
selves. The  eggs  on  the 
other  hand,  armed  with  a 
sharp  point,  are  the  excit- 
ing cause  of  the  disease. 
The  position  of  the  para- 
site in  the  venous  system 
and  the  consequent  loca- 
tion of  the  agglomeration 
of  eggs  determine  the  par- 
ticular symptoms.  Either 

the    genitO-Urinary   System      Fra.46.-Cross  section  of  Bovine  Blood  Flake  (Schistosoma 
is   atticked    in  Which   Case         bovis),  showing  the  position  of  the  female  in  the  gynaeco- 

phoric  canal.     X  200.    (After  Leuckart,  1894,  p.  472,  fig.  209.) 

haematuria  is  one  of  the 

first  symptoms;  or  the  large  intestine  is  attacked  and  blood  is  noticed 

in  the  stools. 

If  the  parasites  are  lodged  in  the  venous  plexus  of  the  genito-urinary 
system,  the  chief  symptoms  are:  Haematuria;  pains  in  the  lumbar 
region,  the  left  iliac  fossa,  the  thigh,  or  in  the  vulva,  which  may  be 
spontaneous  or  may  accompany  micturition;  cystitis;  vesical  calculus; 
urinary  fistulae;  vaginal  verminous  tumors;  nephritis. 

The  eggs  accumulate  in  the  capillaries,  which  they  rupture;  they  traverse  the 
mucosa  and  fall  into  the  bladder,  thus  causing  more  or  less  hemorrhage ;  in  this  way 
the  haematuria  is  established,  which  is  often  the  initial  symptom.  At  first  the  urine 
is  quite  bloody,  but  it  gradually  becomes  clearer,  and  it  is  only  at  the  end  of  mic- 
turition that  muco-purulent  flakes  are  expelled,  in  which  i.  imerous  eggs  and  even 
embryos  are  found ;  the  urine  contains  also  epithelial  cells,  more  or  less  pus,  eggs, 
and  occasionally  embryos.  On  micturition  sharp  pains  are  felt  at  the  base  of  the 
penis  or  at  the  gland,  possibly  due  to  the  passage  of  eggs.  The  passage  of  eggs 


'This  discussion  is  based  chiefly  upon  Blanchard,  1835,  pp.  69-93. 


62 


INSPECTION    OF    MEATS    FOR   ANIMAL   PARASITES. 


through  the  walls  of  the  bladder  give  rise  to  cystitis;  blood  becomes  more  abundant 
in  the  urine  after  fatigue,  coitus,  or  after  taking  alcoholics;  clots  may  form  and 
cause  retention  of  urine;  chronic  urefchritis  may  develop,  evidently  due  to  the  pres- 
ence of  the  eggs.  In  Egypt  80  per  cent  of  the  cases  of  vesical  calculus  coincide  with 
bilharziosts;  the  formation  of  the  calculi  evidently  results  from  the  presence  of  the 
eggs,  for  the  central  nodule  always  contains  one  or  more  of  these  structures.  Urinary 
fistulae,  opening  on  the  perineum,  more  rarely  into  the  rectum,  occasionally  form. 
In  women,  the  vagina  may  become  the  seat  of  a  chronic  inflammation;  it  is  painful 
to  the  touch,  exudes  a  bloody  foetid  discharge,  and  may  become  ulcerated  or  may  be 
covered  with  numerous  sessile  or  pedunculate  tumors,  which  are  very  vascular  and 
spongy,  and  contain  the  parasites  or  their  eggs.  The  mucosa  of  the  vagina,  also  the 
uterus  and  bladder,  become  impregnated  with  calcareous  salts.  Nephritis  develops 
in  grave  cases. 

If  the  parasites  lodge  in  the  veins  of  the  rectum  the  lesions  caused 

are  analogous  to  those  described 
for  the  genito-uriuary  tract; 
amoug  the  most  prominent 
symptoms  are  bloody  stools,  dys- 
enteric diarrhoea,  enterorrhagia, 
and  prolapse  of  the  rectum.  The 
mucosa  is  studded  with  numer- 
ous papilliform  outgrowths,  which 
occasionally  attain  considerable 
size  and  require  surgical  interfer- 
ence. 

The  heart,  lungs,  and  liver  gen- 
erally remain  normal. 

Pathology. — The  bladder  is  reduced  in 
size,  while  its  wall  is  greatly  thickened, 
due  chiefly  to  the  hypertrophy  of  the 
muscularis;  the  mucosa  is  also  thick- 
ened, and  at  certain  points  it  is  indu- 
rated by  iiric  or  calcareous  deposits,  but 
the  principal  lesion  consists  in  ulcer- 
ations  covered  with  sanious  pus;  the 
mucous  membrane  is  infiltrated  with 
numerous  leucocytes,  but  with  few  eggs ; 
the  submucous  connective  tissue,  how- 
ever, contains  numerous  eggs,  which  also 
fill  the  blood  vessels;  most  of  the  eggs 
are  dead  and  more  or  less  degenerated ;  frequently  the  mucosa  is  hypertrophied  in 
places  so  that  papillae  are  formed  which  are  larger  than  those  found  in  cases  of  sim- 
ple catarrh  of  the  bladder;  they  occasionally  attain  a  finger  in  length,  and  may  be 
recognized  during  life  by  cystoscopic  examination.  Harrison  noticed  in  four  cases  out 
of  five  at  Alexandria,  Egypt,  that  the  tumors  developed  in  the  tissue  of  the  bladder 
had  a  carcinomatous  character.  Lesions  analogous  to  those  of  the  bladder  are  also 
observed  in  the  lower  third  of  the  ureters  and  may  extend  as  high  as  the  kidney ; 
the  ureter  is  enlarged  and  tortuous ;  the  mucosa  irregular ;  its  lumen  may  remain 
nearly  normal  in  size,  but  its  wall  becomes  very  thick.  The  flow  of  the  urine  may 
be  obstructed.  The  kidney  increases  in  size,  its  calyx  dilates,  the  division  between 
cortical  and  medullary  substance  becomes  indistinct,  and  the  renal  tissue  may  be 
reduced  to  an  almost  homogenous  layer  3  to  4  mm.  thick;  miliary  abscesses  form 
on  the  vsurface ;  in  short,  a  veritable  hydronephrosis  obtains,  which  results  m  atrophic 


FIG.  47.— Eggs  of  Bovine  Blood  Fluke  (Schistosoma 
bovis),  showing  the  peculiar  process  on  the  end: 
o,  6,  layers  of  the  oviduct;  c,  eggs  in  the  oviduct 
X  180 ;  x,  eggs  deformed  by  pressure ;  y,  spinous 
process  on  end  of  egg  X  700.  (After  Sonsino.) 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.   63 


lesions  of  the  kidney  and  may  finally  end  fatally ;  death  may  occur  rather  frequently 
from  albuminuria;  in  the  less  grave  cases  the  renal  affection  consists  of  a  simple 
inflammation  and  pareuchymatous  nephritis ;  renal  calculi  may  form ;  the  organ  may 
become  the  seat  of  a  more  or  less  intense  cirrhosis.  The  vesicula  seminalis  and 
prostata  may  also  contain  eggs,  and  become  more  or  less  hypertrophied. 

The  polyps  of  the  rectum,  mentioned  above,  may  attain  10  mm.  to  13  mm.  in  length ; 
the  eggs  are  accumulated,  especially  in  the  mucosa,  and  may  form  masses  1.25  mm. 
thick,  visible  to  the  naked  eye;  a  microscopic  examination  of  the  growths  shows 
that  they  are  composed  in  great  part  of  mucosa,  the  glands  (the  normal  length  of 
which  is  about 0.5  mm.)  becoming 2  to  3  or  3.5  mm.  in  length  by60/u  to80/*  in  diameter. 
Between  the  polyps  the  mucosa  shows  the  lesions  of  chronic  dysentery;  all  the 
tunics  exhibit  traces  of  a  slow  phlegmatic  process ;  the  submucosa  is  infiltrated  with 
leucocytes;  the  muscularis  may  hypertrophy  to  three  or  more  times  its  normal 
thickness. 

The  meseuteric  lymphatic  glands  may  hypertrophy,  their  substance  becoming 
tumitied,  presenting  small  hemorrhagic  centers,  and  containing  eggs.     The  liver  may 
contain  eggs  and  become  somewhat  cirrbotic ;  the  eggs  accumu- 
late in  the  branches  of  the  portal  veins,  or  after  piercing  the 
walls  they  lie  in  the  hepatic  parenchyma.     The  lungs  may  also 
contain  eggs,  as  was  shown  by  Mackie  in  the  case  of  a  patient 
who  succumbed  to  pyemia  following  a  purulent  cystitis.     He 
found  in  the  lungs  a  large  number  of  small  metastatic  abscesses 
limited  by  a  necrotic  tissue  and  containing  a  sanious  pus  with 
Schistosoma  ova. 

Diagnosis. — The  diagnosis  may  easily  be  made  by  a 
microscopic  examination  of  the  urine  to  determine  the 
presence  of  the  egg. 

Prognosis,  etc. — The  severity  of  the  disease  varies 
directly  with  the  number  of  parasites  (and  hence  the 
number  of  eggs)  in  the  body.  Fortunately,  in  the 
majority  of  cases  the  number  of  parasites  is  small, 
though  it  may  increase  from  repeated  infections  to 
500  or  more.  In  cases  of  comparatively  light  infec- 
tion, the  disease  is  reduced  to  a  slight  chronic  cystitis, 
with  now  and  then  exacerbations,  in  course  of  which 
a  slight  amount  of  blood  and  pus  is  passed  in  the 
urine.  The  disease  may  last  for  years  without  ap- 
parent increase.  In  the  most  severe  cases  death  may  occur  from  various 
causes;  a  rupture  of  the  bladder,  ascending  pyelonephritis,  uremia, 
albuminuria;  the  patient  may  die  in  marasmus,  being  exhausted  by  the 
dysentery  or  the  anaemia. 

Bilharziosis  is  accordingly  not  such  a  fatal  disease  as  has  sometimes 
been  supposed. 

Prevention. — Avoid  unfiltered  or  unboiled  water  in  contaminated 
districts. 

Treatment. — No  experiments  in  treating  cattle  for  this  disease  have 
been  recorded. 

In  human  practice  Fouquet  seems  to  have  had  good  success  with  capsules  of 
extract  of  male  fern;  he  begins  with  one  capsule  per  day,  afterward  increasing  the 
dose  to  two  or  in  some  cases  to  three  capsules.  The  dosing  is  continued  with  per- 
si  stency  until  the  patient  seems  recovered ;  the  dose  is  then  reduced  to  one  capsule  daily 


Fio.  48.— Ureter  of  an 
Egyptian,  with  nu- 
merous uric-acid  con- 
cretions, as  a  resultof 
blood-fluke  infection. 
(After  Lenckart,  1894, 
p.  528,  fig.  231.) 


64 


INSPECTION   OF    MEATS   FOR   ANIMAL    PARASITES. 


for  one  month.     Intravesical  injections  of  bichloride  of  mercury  1:5000  are  advised 
in  severe  cases.     Nitrate  of  silver,  carbolic  or  boric  acid  are  also  used  as  injections 
or  enemata.     Napier  claims  good  results  with  salicylate  of  soda;   40  grains  before 
retiring.     Surgical  intervention  is  occasionally  neces- 
sary in  cases  of  severe  lesions. 

ABATTOIR   INSPECTION. 

At  present  the  blood  flukes  do  not  play  any 
role  in  tbe  inspection  at  American  abattoirs. 
Should  the  parasite  appear  in  this  country  it 
will  probably  first  be  found  in  Southern  cattle, 
and  the  affected  organs  should  be  condemned 
in  order  to  prevent  the  spread  of  the  worm. 
There  would,  however,  be  no  danger  of  trans- 
mission of  the  parasite  from  cattle  direct  to  man. 


Fio.  49. — Conical  amphistomes 
(Amphiitoma  cervi)  in  the  ru- 
men; tubercles  from  which 
the  parasites  have  loosened. 
(After  Railliet,  1893,  p.  376, 
fig.  249.) 


AMPHISTOMES  (Flukes  of  the  Family  Amphis- 
tomidae). 

Of  this  family  of  worms,  characterized  by 
the  position  of  the  acetabulum  in  the  posterior  portion  of  the  body, 
only  one  species  (Amphistoma  cervi)  has  as  yet  been  recorded  iii  the 
herbivorous  animals  of  North  America. 

TRUE    AMPHISTOMES    (Flukes    of  the 
Genus  Amphistoma). 

9.  The  Conical  Fluke  (Amphistoma  cervi)  of 
Cattle  and  Sheep. 

[Figs.  49-55.] 

For  anatomical  characters,  compare 
figs.  49  and  50  with  key,  p.  21. 

SYNONYMY. — Festucaria  cervi  Zeder,  1789; 
Fasciola  cervi  (Zeder)  Schrank,  1790;  Fasciola 
elaplii  Gmelin,  1790;  Monostoma  elaphi  (Gmelin) 
Zeder,  1800;  Monostoma  conicum  Zeder,  1803; 
Amphistoma  conicum  (Zeder)  Rudolphi,  1809; 
Amphistomum  conicum  (Zeder)  of  Diesing,  1850; 
Strigea  cervi  (Zeder)  Railliet,  1893. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. — For  bibliography,  see  Otto 
(1896,  pp.  97, 98).  For  technical  discussion,  see 
Otto  (1896),  Looss  (1896,  pp.  32, 33, 185-191),  and 
Leuckart  (1894,  pp.  448-464). 

HOSTS. — Cattle,  sheep,  deer,  and  other  ani- 
mals. (See  pp.  137-143. ) 

GEOGRAPHICAL  DISTRIBUTION. — Europe,  Af- 
rica (Egypt),  Asia,  Australia,  Canada,  and 
probably  elsewhere. 

Life  history. — Sonsiuo  found  in  an 
Egyptian  snail  a  larval  parasite  ( Gercaria pigmentata)  which,  according 
to  some  authors,  represents  the  larval  stage  of  this  amphistome.  The 
life  cycle  has  recently  been  experimentally  demonstrated  by  Looss 
(1396),  who  describes  it  as  follows. 


FIG.  50. — Dorsal  view  of  a  Conical  Amphis- 
tome, showiugtheanatomicalcharacters : 
a,  position  acetahulum ;  ex,  terminal  ves- 
icle of  excretory  system;  i,  intestinal 
caeca;  Lc,  Laurer's  canal;  oe,  oesopha- 
gus ;  ov,  ovary ;  ph,  pharynx ;  t,  testicles ; 
«,  uterus;  vd,  vas  deferens;  vdt,  vitello 
duct;  vs,  vesicula seminalis.  X5.  (After 
Otto,  1896,  p.  100,  fig.  4.) 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.   65 


The  eggs  escape  from  the  host  with  the  faeces.  After  a  time,  evidently  varying 
with  the  temperature  (twelve  to  fourteen  days  at  22°  C.),  a  ciliated  embryo  is  formed 
(fig.  51).  This  embryo  (miracidium)  escapes  from  the  eggshell  only  when  exposed  to 
light  and  in  case  the  water  is  not  below  15°  C.  Swimming  around  in  the  water  it 
enters  certain  snails  (Physa  alexandrina  Bourg.  and  P.micropleura  Bourg.)  establish- 
ing itself  in  the  visceral  cavity.  Here  it  develops  into  a  sporocyst  (fig.  52)  which, 
when  about  fifteen  days  old,  measures  0.7  mm.  long  by  0.15  mm.  broad;  a  generation 

of  rediae  (fig.  53)  develops  in  the  sporocyst;  the 
rediae  escape  from  the  latter  in  about  fifteen  days; 
a  second  generation  of  rediae  (fig.  54)  forms  Avithin 
the  first  rediae,  escaping  by  the  birth  opening;  a 
third  generation  of  rediae  may  develop  within  the 
second.  The  cercariae  (fig.  55)  form  in  the  rediae 
and  are  born  at  an  early  stage  of  development; 
when  fully  developed  these  cercariae  escape  from 
the  snail  and  swim  around  in  the  water.  The  entire 
cycle  to  this  point  is  evidently  completed  in  less 
than  two  months.  The  cercaria  (Cercaria  pig- 
mentata)  is  oval,  0.5  mm.  long  by  0.33  mm.  broad 
with  a  tail  about  0.9  mm.  long;  body  opaque,  due 


FIG.  51.— Dorsal  view  of  the  free  em-  p IG.  52 — Sporocyst  of  the  Conical  Amphistome  result- 

bryo  (miracidium)   of  the  Conical  ing  from  the  transformation  and  development   of 

Amphistome    (Amphistoma   cervi)  the  embryo,  age  about  15  days :  ex.  p,  excretory  pore, 

about  to    enter  the   intermediate  ggt  matrix  of  germ  cells.     The  large  balls  of  cells 

host:  /Z,  end  portion  of  excretory  represent  developing  rediae  of  the  next  generation, 

system;  g,  germ  cells;  gg,  matrix  X170.     (After  Looss,  1896,  PI.  XII,  fig.  126.) 
of  germ  cells ;  i,  rudimentary  intes- 
tine;   sn,  nervous   system.     X285. 
(After  Looss,  1896,  PI.  XII,  fig.  125.) 

to  pigment  and  to  certain  subtegumentary  cells;  oral  sucker  spherical,  45  /J.  in 
diameter;  acetabulum  90  n  in  diameter;  two  eye-spots  present.  The  cercariae 
encyst  themselves  on  plants  and  various  other  objects  and  evidently  gain  access  to 
the  final  host  (cattle,  sheep,  etc.)  through  the  drinking  Avater. 

The  Conical  Fluke  seems  to  have  a  very  wide  distribution,  being 
recorded  in  Europe,  Asia,  Africa,  North  America,  and  South  America. 
As  yet  it  has  not  been  recorded  in  the  United  States,  but  specimens 
collected  in  Canada  have  been  sent  to  us  by  Professor  Wright,  and 
we  may  expect  to  find  the  same  worms  any  day  in  the  United  States. 
5257— No.  19 5 


66 


INSPECTION    OF    MEATS    FOR    ANIMAL    PARASITES. 


There  is  considerable  difference  of  opinion  among  authors  as  to 
whether  these  parasites  are  injurious  to  the  animals  in  which  they 
occur.  While  some  writers  state  that  they  are  absolutely  harmless, 
others  claim  that  they  cause  an  irritation  in  the  stomach,  and  that 

cattle  which  are  heavily  infested  with 
them  gradually  emaciate.  According 
to  an  Australian  paper,  the  parasites 
cause  a  considerable  number  of  deaths 
among  the  cattle  of  the  coast  districts; 
they  occur  in  great  numbers  and  injure 
cows  more  than  steers  or  oxen.  Attach- 
ing themselves  to  the  mucous  mem- 
brane of  the  stomach,  by  means  of  their 
suckers  they  raise  the  epithelium  in  form 
of  papillae.  The  treatment  is  the  same 
as  for  adult  tapeworms  (see  p.  133). 

ABATTOIR   INSPECTION. 

The  amphistomes  of  cattle  are  of  no 
importance  in  meat  inspection,  as  they 
are  not  transmissible  to  man  in  any 
stage  of  their  development.  In  fact,  ac- 
cording to  Schwein- 
furth,  these  parasites 
are  collected  by  the 
natives  of  Africa 
and  eaten  raw. 


Several  other  am- 
phistomes are  found 
in  various  allied  ru- 
minants used  for  food 
in  certain  countries, 
and  although  these 
parasites  have  not 
yet  made  their  ap- 
pearance in  this 
country,  we  can  not 

tell  what  moment  we  shall  find  them  introduced, 
perhaps  with  animals  imported  for  menageries. 
Should  they  be  introduced  in  this  manner  and  find 
the  conditions  necessary  to  the  development  of  their 
larval  stages,  they  would,  in  all  probability,  develop 
in  our  American  cattle.  As  this  day  has  not  yet  come,  they  will  sim- 
ply be  mentioned  here  by  name  and  figured.  For  anatomical  charac- 
ters, compare  the  figures  with  the  key  on  page  21. 


FIG.  53. — Adult  redia  of  the  Conical  Am- 
phistome  (Amphistoma  cervi)  of  the  first 
generation,  thirty-nine  days  after  the 
infection  of  the  intermediate  host  with 
embryos:  fl,  end  portion  of  excretory 
system ;  gg,  matrix  of  germ  cells ;  t,  rudi- 
mentary intestine;  pg,  birth  opening; 
sn,  nervous  system.  (After  Looss,  1896, 
PI.  XII,  fig.  129.) 


FIG.  54. — Young  redia  of 
the  Conical  Amphis- 
tome  of  the  second 
generation  in  which 
the  cercariae  develop. 
X170.  (After  Looss, 
1896.  PL  XII,  fig.  130.) 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.       67 


10.  l  Amphistoma  erplanatum  Creplin  is  described  from  the  liver  and  gall  bladder 
of  the  zebu;  von  Linstow  (1878,  p.  49)  cites  it  as  a  parasite  of  cattle;  Railliet  cites 
it  from  the  Indian  buffalo  and  the  zebu. 

11.  *  Amphistoma  bothriophorum  Braun  (fig.  56)  also  occurs  in  the  stomach,  of  the  zebu. 

12.  Amphistoma  tuberculatum  was  reported  by  Cobbold  (1875, 
p.  819)  from  the  intestine  of  the  Indian  oxen  ;  but  no  descrip- 
tion of  the  parasite  has  ever  been  given,  so  that  the  form  may 
be  ignored. 

13.  3  Gastrothylax  crumenifer  Creplin.     This  parasite   (figs. 
57-62)  is  said  to  occur  in  most  of  the  bovine  animals  (the 
zebu)  killed  at  Son-Tay;  its  natural  habitat  is  the  stomach, 
and  when  present  in  large  numbers  they  irritate  the  mucous 
lining  and  lead  to  an  extreme  emaciation  of  their  host.     The 
same  parasite  was  once  found  at  Leipsic,  Germany,  in  a  cross 
between  the  zebu,  gayal,  and  yak;  and  von  Linstow  (1878, 
p.  49)  cites  it  among  the  parasites  of  cattle. 

14.  4  GastrothijJa.1-  Cobboldii  Poirier  (fig.  63)  was  described 
from  the  stomach  of  the  gayal  from  Java. 

15.  4  Gastrothylax 
elongatum  Poirier  (fig. 
64)     was    described 
from  the  stomach  of 
the  gayal  from  Java, 
and  Railliet  (1893,  p. 
379)   reports    that   it 
has    been    found    in 
Paris  in  the  stomach 
of  a  zebu. 

16.  5  Gastrothylax 
gregarius  Looss  (figs. 
65  and  66)  is  found  in 
enormous  numbers  in 
the  rumen  of  nearly 
all  the  Indian  buffa- 
loes   slaughtered    in 
Alexandria,    Egypt. 
In  one  buffalo  Looss 

counted  1,758  specimens  on  a  portion  of  the 
mucosa  as  large  as  a  hand.  They  were  often 
found  associated  with  Amphistoma  cerri. 

17.  4Homaloijaster  paloniae  Poirier  (fig.  67) 
is  found  in  the  caecum  of  the  gayal  in  Java. 

18.  6  Homalogaster  Poirieri  Giard  &  Billet 
is  found  in  the  large  intestine  of  Tonkin 

cattle  (=?  the  zebu).     It  fixes  itself  by  means  of  the  acetabulum  to  the  mucosa  and  is 
sometimes  present  in  large  numbers. 

1  For  original  description,  see  Creplin,  1847,  pp.  34  and  35. 

2For  technical  discussion,  see  Otto,  1896,  pp.  101-105. 

3  Amphistoma  crumenifer  urn  Creplin,  1847;  Gastrothylax  crumeniferttm  (Creplin) 
Poirier,  1883;  G.  crumenifer  (Creplin)  Otto,  1896.  For  bibliography  and  technical 
discussion,  see  Otto,  1896,  pp.  94-97. 

*For  technical  discussion,  see  Poirier,  1883,  pp.  73-80. 

5For  technical  discussion,  see  Looss,  1896,  pp.  5-13, 170-177. 

6  For  original  description,  see  Giard  &  Billet,  1892,  pp.  614  and  615. 


CLr- 


FIG.  56. — Amphigtoma  bothriophorum:  a,  posi- 
tion of  acetabulum ;  ex,  terminal  vesicle  of 
excretory  system;  i,  intestinal  caeca;  Lc, 
Laurer's  canal;  oe,  oesophagus;  ov,  ovary; 
ph.,  pharynx;  t,  testicles;  «,  uterus;  vd,  vas 
deferens.  X5.  (After  Otto,  1896,  p.  102, 
fig.  5.) 


FIG.  55.— Mature  cerca- 
ria  of  the  Conical  Am- 
phistome  (Amphistoma 
cervi),  the  stage  which 
gains  access  to  cattle 
andsheep.  X75.  (After 
Looss,  1896,  PI.  XII, 
fig.  133.)  See  p.  65. 


68 


INSPECTION    OF    MEATS    FOR   ANIMAL    PARASITES. 


FIG.  57.— Enlarged  dorsal 
view  of  Oastrothylax 
cntmenifer.  (After 
Creplin,  1847,  PI.  II,  fig. 
1.)  See  p.  67. 


TAPEWORMS,  OR  CESTODES  (Order  Cestoda). 

[Segmented  Tapeworms  (suborder  Tomiosoma).  Tapeworms  without  four  re- 
tractile probosces  (tribe  Atrypanorliyncha).  Tapeworms  with  four  suckers  (subtribe 
Tetrasaichiona).] 

Family  TAENIIDAE. 

Ill  cattle  aud  sheep  we  find  both  of  the  stages  of  tapeworms  men- 
tioned on  page  21,  namely: 

Larval  forms  (cystic  worms,  bladder  worms,  hy 
datids)  which  live  in  the  muscles  or  parenchymatons 
organs,  but  not  in  the  intestine.     They  render  the 
meat  unfit  for  food  since  they  are  transmissible  (ac- 
cording to  the  species)  to  man  and  dogs;  and — 

Adult  worms  (tapeworms,  stro- 
bilae)  which  occur  in  the  intes- 
tines of  sheep  aud  cattle  (rarely 
in  the  ducts  of  the  liver  of  sheep) 
and  are  not  transmissible  to  car- 
nivorous animals. 

Hogs  on  the  other  hand  appear  to  be  infested 
only  with  larval  tapeworms,  although  three  isolated 
cases  of  adult  tapeworms  have  been  recorded  for 
them.  These  three  cases  may  have  been  accidental 
occurrences,  the  hogs  having  possibly  become  acci- 
dentally infested  with  worms  which 
normally  live  in  other  animals. 

Tapeworms  of  the  family  Taeniidae  pos- 
sess the  following  characters:  The  anterior  extremity  is  repre- 
sented by  a  more  or  less  knob-like  portion  known  as  the  head;  this 
is  followed  by  an  unsegmented  portion,  the  neck ;  head  and  neck 
together  form  the  scolex;  this  in  turn  by  the  segments,  or  proglottids. 
The  head  is  provided  with  four  cup-shaped  suckers,  which  are 
neArer  provided  with  hooks  iu  any  form  known  in  cattle,  sheep, 
or  hogs,  but  are  armed  with  numerous  hook- 
lets  in  some  of  the  forms  found  iu  certain  other 
animals  (man,  rabbits,  birds).  The  apex  of 
the  head  is  provided  with  a  muscular  body, 
which  develops  into  different  forms  in  the  various  subfamilies. 
It  may  form  a  rostellum,  which  may  be  unarmed  (Taenia  saginata) 
or  armed  (Taenia  solium).  In  the  larval  forms  discussed  in  this 
paper  (Taeniinae)  the  rostellum  protrudes  at  the  center  of  the 
apex,  but  in  some  other  forms  (Dipylidiinae)  it  may  retract  into 
a  rostellum  sac.  In  the  adult  tapeworms  (Anoplocephalinae)  of 
cattle,  sheep,  etc.,  the  muscular  body  is  composed  of  stellate  fibers  which  move 
the  suckers,  but  these  fibers  do  not  appear  to  form  a  true  rostellum. 

The  neck  is  very  simple  in  structure,  containing  each  side  two  longitudinal 
canals  and  a  longitudinal  nerve  trunk.  At  the  posterior  portion  of  the  neck,  seg- 
ments form  by  transverse  division. 

The  segments  increase  iu  size,  gradually  becoming  larger  the  farther  they  are  from 
the  head;  reaching  a  maximum  breadth,  they  decrease  in  width,  and  then  increase 
in  length  more  rapidly.  The  anterior  segments  are  the  youngest,  the  posterior  seg- 


FIG.  58.— Enlarged  ven- 
tral view  of  Gastrothy- 
lax  crumenifer:  a.  ace- 
tabulum;  vp,  openi 
to  the  ventral  pouch. 
(After  Creplin,  1847.  PI. 
II,  fig.  2.)  Seep.  67. 


FIG.  59.— Enlarged 
view  of  anterior 
extremity  of  Gas- 
trothylax  crumeni- 
fer: in, mouth;  vp, 
opening  to  ventral 
pouch.  (After 
Creplin,  1847,  PI. 
II,  fig.  4.)  See  p.  67. 


FIG.  60.— Enlarged 
view  of  posterior 
extremity  of  Gax- 
trothylaxcrummi- 
fer.  See  p.  67 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.       69 


Fid.  61.— Enlarged  view 
of  Gastrothylax  eru- 
menifer,  with  ventral 
pouch  open :  a,  acetab- 
ulum ;  gp,  genital  pore ; 
m,  mouth.  (After 
Creplin,  1847,  PL  II, 
fig.  5.)  See  p.  67. 


ments  the  oldest.     Many  zoologists  look  upon  the  entire  tapeworm  as  a  colony  of 

animals,  each  separate  segment  representing  a  single  individual,  and  all  segments 

being  descended  from  a  single  animal  represented  by  the  head 

and  neck. 
Owing  to  their  parasitic  life,  tapeworms  are  very  degraded 

in  their  structure.     The  digestive  tract  is  entirely  absent,  the 

worms  taking  their  nourishment  by  osmosis   through  their 

entire  surface.      The    nervous  system  is    composed  of  nerve 

centers  (ganglia),  situated  in  the  head,  and  two  large  lateral 

nerves,  one  of  which  extends  on  each  side  of  the  worm  from 

the  head  to  the  posterior  end  of  the  strobila;  in  some  cases,  at 

least,  the  lateral  nerves 
are  connected  by  two 
transverse  nerves  at  the 
distal  end  of  each  seg- 
ment. The  excretory 
system  consists  of  two 
dorsal  and  two  ventral 
longitudinal  lateral  ca- 
nals, which  are  connected  in  various  ways  in 
the  head;  the  ventral  canals  are  connected  by 
transverse  canals  at  the  posterior  border  of  each 
segment.  The  genital  organs  form  by  far  the 
most  important  organ  system  in  the  animal. 
In  the  first  place,  the  entire  genital  system  is 
repeated,  so  that  each  segment  as  it  arrives  at 
a  given  age  possesses  its  own  genital  organs, 
independent  of  the  organs  of  the  other  seg- 
ments. Again,  every  segment  is  hermaphro- 
ditic, containing  both  male  and  female  organs, 
and  in  some  genera  the  segments  are  doubly 
hermaphroditic,  contain- 
ing double  sets  of  male 
and  of  female  organs. 
The  male  organs  consist  of 
a  cirrus  (penis),  a  cirrus 
pouch,  a  vas  deferens, 
and  numerous  testicles. 
The  female  organs  consist 
of  a  vulva,  a  vagina,  an 
ovary,  a  vitellogene 
gland,  a  shell  gland,  ovi- 
ducts,andauterus.  Each 
segment  possesses  one  or 
two  genital  pores,  the 
cirrus  and  the  vulva  of 
any  given  set  of  organs 

(except  in  the  genus  Amabilia,  according  to  Diamare)  opening 

at  the  same  pore.     In  some  species,  so-called  interproglottidal 

glands  of  unknown  function  are  found  between  the  segments. 
Life  history. — Tapeworms  pass  through  three  stages  of  de- 
velopment, known  as  the  oncosphere  (or  embryo),  the  larva  (a 

bladder  worm  known  as  a  cysticercus,  a  coenurus,  an  echinococcus, 

or  a  cysticercoid),  and  an  adult  form  known  as  the  strobila.    A 

change  of  liost  is  necessary  for  their  development;  the  host  in 

which  the  oncosphere  develops  into  the  larva  is  known  as  the  intermediate  host, 


FIG.  62.— Dorsal  view  of  Gastrothylax  cru- 
menifer,  magnified  to  show  the  anatomical 
characters:  a,  acetabulum;  ex,  terminal 
vesicle  of  excretory  system ;  i,  intestinal 
caeca ;  Lc,  Laurer'a  canal ;  oe,  oesophagus ; 
ov,  ovary;  ph,  pharynx;  t,  testicles;  u, 
uterus;  vd,  vas  deferens.  X5.  (After 
Otto,  1896,  p.  96,  fig.  3.)  See  p.  67. 


Fro.  63.—Gagtrothylax 
Cobboldii,  lateral  view : 
a,  acetabulum;  i,  in- 
testine ;  m,  mouth  ;  vp, 
opening  to  ventral 
pouch.  (AfterPoirier, 
1883,  PI.  II,  fig.  36. 
Taken  from  Braun, 
Venues,  PI.  XVIII, 
fig. 2.)  Seep.  67. 


70 


INSPECTION    OF    MEATS    FOR    ANIMAL    PARASITES. 


while  the  animal  which  harbors  the  adult  form  is  known  as  the  final  host.     The  life 
history  of  Taenia  saginata  given  on  page  72  may  be  taken  as  typical  for  the  family. 

All  of  the  larval  cestodes  of  cattle,  sheep,  and  swine  belong  to  the 
subfamily  Taeniinae,  while  all  the  adult  forms  found  in  these  hosts  are 
classified  in  the  subfamily  Anoplocephalinae. 

Hard-shell  Tapeworms  (Cestodes  of  the  Subfamily  Taeniinae). 

The  Hard-shell  Tapeworms,  so  called  because  of  the  thick  striated 
eggshell  (embryophore),  are  found  as  adults  in  the  intestines  of  meat- 
eating  mammals,  while  their  larval  stage  is  found  in  the  muscles  or 
parenchymatous  organs  of  herbivorous  and  om- 
nivorous animals.  These  larval  forms  are  very  im- 
portant from  the  standpoint  of  meat  inspection, 
and  organs  which  harbor  them  should  be  excluded 
from  the  market  or  should  be  rendered  wholesome 
before  being  placed  on  sale. 

The  larval  forms  may  be  of  three  kinds,  as 
follows : 

(1)  Cysticercns  (figs.  68  and   70). — This  is  the 
most  simple  form.     The  parasite  consists  of  a 
cyst,  which  is  in  vaginated  at  a  given  point.     There 
is  normally  only  one  invagination  to  each  cyst,  and 
at  the  base  of  the  invagination  is  situated  the  head 
of  the  future  tapeworm.    Besides   the  invagina- 
tioii,  the  cyst  contains  more  or  less  liquid. 

(2)  Coenurus  (tigs.  99   and  100). — In  this  case 
there  is  a  considerable  number  of  invaginations, 
each  containing  a  head. 

(3)  Echinococcus  (fig.  105). — In  the  third  type 
there  is  no  invagiuation  of  the  cyst  wall,  but  brood 
capsules  are  formed  from  the  parenchyma  of  the 
cyst  and  several  heads  are  formed  in  each  brood 
capsule. 


FIG.  64. — Oastrothylax  elon- 
gatum:  g,  ganglion;  i,  in- 
testinal caeca  -,ph,  pharyn- 
geal  bulb;  t,  testicle;  u, 
uterus;  t)d,  vas  deferens 
(ductus  ejaculatorius) ;  ve, 
vasa  efferentia;  vg,  vitel- 
logene  glands.  (After 
Poirier,  1883,  PI.  II,  fig. 
26.  1'aken  from  Braun, 
Vermes,  PI.  XVIII,  fig.  7.) 
See  p.  67. 


Attempts  hare  been  made  to  subdivide  the  Taeniinae  into 
genera  and  subgenera,  the  genus  Taenia  Linnaeus  being 
retained  for  the  forms  which  possess  a  Cuslicercus  or  a  Coenu- 
rus as  larval  form,  while  Echinococcifer  Weinland,  1861,  has 
been  proposed  as  the  generic  name  for  Taenia  echinococcns. 
This  generic  division  has  not  been  accepted  by  the  majority 
of  helminthologists,  most  workers  preferring  to  recognize 

only  one  genus,  Taenia,  but  many  authors  admitting  three  subgenera,  corresponding 

to  the  three  types  of  larvae. 

HARD-SHELL  TAPEWORMS  (Genus  Taenia). 
The  following  species  of  this  genus  must  be  considered  in  this  report: 


Adult. 


Larva. 


Name  .                !     Host. 

Name. 

Host. 

Cattle. 

Swine  and  man. 

Taenia  marginata  Dogs  
Taenia  co  enur  us  Dogs  
Taenia  echinococcus  !  Dogs  

Cysticercns  tenuicollis  
Coenurus  cerebralis  
Echinococcus  polymorphus  

Cattle,  sheep,  and  swine. 
Cattle  and  sheep. 
Cattle,  sheep,  swine,  man 

etc. 

FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.   71 


19.  Beef  Measles  (Cysticercus  bovts)  of  Cattle,  and  its  adult  stage,  The  Unarmed, 
or  Beef  Measle,  Tapeworm  (Taenia  saginata)  of  Man. 

[Figs.  68-74.] 

LARVAL  STAGE  (Cysticercus  bovis). 

For  anatomical  characters,  compare  fig.  68  with  key,  p.  21. 
SYNONYMY. — Cyaticercus  Taeniae  saginatae  Leuckart,  18 — ( ?) ;    C.  bovis  Cobbold, 


FIG.  65. — Dorsal  view  of  Gastrothylax 
greijarius:  i,  intestinal  caeca ;  os,  oral 
sucker;  ov,  ovary;  t,  testicles;  u, 
uterus;  vg,  vitellogene  glands;  vs. 
vesicula  seminalis.  X9.  (After 
Looss,  1896,  fig.  1.)  See  p.  67. 


FIG.  66.— Lateral  view  of  Gastrothylax  grcgariuf:  gp, 
genital  pore;  i,  intestinal  caeca;  m,  mouth;  Lc, 
opening  of  Laurer's  canal;  ov,  ovary;  pe,  excretory 
pore;  t,  testicle;  u,  uterus;  vd,  vas  deferens;  vp, 
ventral  pouch;  vg,  vitellogene  gland;  vs,  vesicula 
seminalis.  X9.  (After Looss,  1896,  fig.  2.)  Seep.  67. 


1866;   C.  Taeniae  mediocancllatae  Knoch,  1868;  C.  inermis  of  various  Germans  and 
others,  18 — (?);  "  Cysticerkus"  bovis  of  Schneidemiihl,  1896. 
HOSTS. — Cattle,  Rocky  Mountain  "  antelope,"  llama,  and  girafi'e.  (See  pp.  137-143.) 

ADULT  STAGE  (Taenia  saginata  (Goeze,  1782) ). 

For  anatomical  characters,  compare  figs.  69-73  with  key,  p.  $4. 

SYNONYMY  (see  also  pp.  89-90). — Taenia  solium  Linnaeus,  1758,  pro  parte;  T.  cucur- 
bitiiia  Pallas,  1781,  pro  parte;  T.  cucurbitina  Art  [=var.]  saginata  Goeze,  1782;  T. 
cucurbitina,  grandis,  saginata  Goeze,  1782 ;  T.  aoliiaria  Leske,  (1785),  pro  parte ;  Halysis 


72 


INSPECTION    OF    MEATS    FOR    ANIMAL    PARASITES. 


solium  (Linnaeus)  Zeder,  1803,  pro  parte;  Pentastoma  coarctata  Virey,  1823;  "T.  den- 

iata"  Nicolai,  (1830)  [nee  Batsch,  1786]  ;  "T.  lata"  Pruner,  1847  [nee  Linnaeus,  1758]  ; 

Botlmoceplialus  tropicus  Schmidtmiiller,  1847;  T.  mediocaneUata  hominis,  sen  T.  medio- 
canellata  seu  T.  zittaviensis  Kiichenmeister,  1852;  T.  solium 
var.  mediocanellata  (Kiichennieister)  Diesing,  1854;  Taenia- 
rhynchm  mediocanellata  (Kiichenmeister)  Weinland.  1858;  (?) 
Taenia  solium  var.  abietina  Weinland,  1858;  T.  inermis  Moquin- 
Tandon,  1860;  T.  mediocancellata  (-?-),  date  (?),see  Moquin- 
Tandon,  1860;  T.  tropica  (Schmidtmiiller)  Moquin-Tandon, 
1860;  T.  megaloon  Weinland,  (1861);  T.  (Cystotaenia)  medio- 
canellata of  Leuckart,  1863 ;  T.  saginata  (Goeze,  1782)  of  Leuck- 
art,  1867;  (?)  T.  abietina  Weinland  of  Davaine,  1873;  T.  iner- 
mis  Laboulbene,  1876;  T.  algerien,  Redon,  1883;  (?)  T.  solium 
var.  minor  Guzzardi  Asmundo,  1885;  T.  algeriensis  Brauu,  1894 
(=  T.  algerien  Redon  renamed). 

ANOMALIES. — (?)  "Taenia  rtilgaris"  Werner,  1782  [nee  Lin- 
naeus, 1758]  =  T.  dentata  Batsch,  1786;  (?)  T.  fenestrata 
Chiaje,  1833;  T.  capensis  Moquin-Tandon,  1860;  T.  lophosoma 
Cobbold,  1866;  T.  fusa,  T.continua,  T.  solium  f usa  seu  continua 
Colin,  1876;  T.  mummificata  Gu/zardi  Asmundo,  1885;  T.  nigra 
Davaine,  1877;  T.  inermis  fenestrata  Maggiora,  1891. 

PRK-LINNAEAN  NAMES. —  Vermis  cucurbitinus  composing  Tae- 
nia longissima  Plater,  1609;  Lumbricus  latus  Movfetus,  (1634); 
Taenia  secunda  Plateri  Ernst,  1659;  Lumbricits  latns  Tyson, 
1683;  Solium  on  Te'nia  sans  tpine  Andry,  (1700) ;  Taenia  de  la 
seconde  espece  Andry,  1718;  Taenia  sans  epine  ou  Taenia  de  la 
premiere  espece  Andry,  1741. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. — For  bibliography,  see  Huber  (1892).     For 

technical  discussion,  see  Leuckart  (1880,  pp.  513-616) ;  R.  Blanchard  (1886,  pp.  315-382) . 
HOST. — Man. 

Life  history. — Starting  with  the  adult  tapeworm  (tig.  69)  in  the  intes- 
tine of  man,  the  life  history  of  the 
parasite,  the  knowledge  of  which 
we  owe  to  Rudolf  Leuckart,  is  as 
follows:  The  eggs  (fig.  74)  escape 
from  the  uterus  and  are  passed  with 
the  excreta,  or  the  segments  con- 
taining eggs  break  loose  from  the 
tapeworm  and  either  wander  out  of 
the  intestine  of  their  own  accord  or 
are  passed  with  the  excreta.  In 
either  case  the  eggs  become  scat- 
tered upon  the  ground  or  in  water, 
and  reach  the  cattle  through  their 
drinking  water  or  with  the  fodder. 
When  whole  segments  (generally 
several  together)  are  passed,  these 
crawl  around  on  the  ground  or  herb- 
age, and  cattle  by  swallowing  them 


.  FIG.  67 . — Homalo  g  aster 
paloniae,  ventral  view. 
(AflerPoirier,  1883,  PI. 
II,  fig.  la.  Taken  from 
Brann,  Vermes,  PI. 
XVIII,  fig.  3.)  See  p. 


FIG.  68.— Section  of  a  beef  tongue  heavily  infested 
with  beef  measles,  natural  size  (original). 


may  become  infected  with  numerous  eggs  at  the  same  time.    Upon  arriv- 
ing in  the  stomach,  the  eggshells  are  destroyed ;  the  embryo  then  bores  its 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.   73 


way  through  the  in- 
testinal walls  with  the 
aid  of  its  six  minute 
hooks,  and  wanders  to 
the  muscles  where  it 
comes  to  rest;  or  if 
it  bores  into  a  blood 
vessel,  it  may  be  car- 
ried with  the  blood  to 
any  organ  of  the  body. 
When  the  embryo 
comes  to  rest  it  loses 
its  hooks,  and,  increas- 
ing in  size,  develops 
into  a  small  round 
bladder  worm.  The 
head  of  the  future 
tapeworm  is  then  de- 
veloped in  an  invagi- 
nation  of  the  cyst 
wall,  and  the  com- 
plete organism  (fig. 
68)  thus  formed  is 
known  as  a  cysticer- 
cws,  or  bladder  worm. 
During  its  develop- 
ment the  cyst  pushes 
the  tissues  of  the 
host  aside  to  make 
room  for  itself  and  an 
outer  cyst  is  formed 
around  it,  made  up 
of  connective  tissue 
of  the  host.  The 
total  time  consumed 
in  the  development 
of  the  cysticercus 
from  the  embryo  is 
variously  estimated 
from  seven  to  eighteen 
weeks. 

Hertwig  states  that 
the  larva  has  com- 
pleted its  develop- 
ment in  eighteen 


74 


INSPECTION    OF    MEATS    FOR    ANIMAL    PARASITES. 


weeks,  and  gives  the  following  table  to  determine   the  age1  of  the 
cysticercus : 


Age  in  weeks. 

Entire  cyst. 

Cysticercus  with- 
out connective 
tissue  cyst. 

Scolex. 

Natural  size. 

Stretched. 

4  
6  
8  

10 

4.0  by  3.5mm  
4.2  by  3.5  inm  
4.5  by  3.  5  mm  
5  by  3.75-4  mm  
5.6  by  3.5-4  mm  ..  . 
6  by  4.5  mm  
6  by  4.5  mm  
6.25-7  by  4.5  mm  .. 
G.  5-8  by  4.5mm... 
7  5-9  by  5,  ft  mm  .  . 

2.25  by  2.25  mm... 
3  by  2.5inm  
3.25  by  2.75  mm  .... 
.1.5  by  3.5mm  
4  by  4  nun  

0.5  by  0.5  mm  

0.7  mm.  long. 
1.3  nun.  long. 
2.9  mm.  long. 
3.3  mm.  long. 
3.5  mm.  long. 
4  mm.  long. 
4.25  mm.  long. 
5  mm.  long. 
5.5-6.25  mm.  long. 
7  mm.  long. 

1.5  by  1  mm  
1.75  by  1  mm  

12  
14  
16  
18  
22  

1.8  by  1  mm  

P  by  4  mm  
6  by  4.5  mm  

7  bv  5  mm  .  .  . 

2  by  1.25mm  
2.25  by  1.75  mm  .  .  . 
2.5  by  2  mm  

28  -  -- 

The  calcareous  bodies  may  appear  when  the  bladder  worm  is  four 
weeks  old;  the  suckers  are  fully  developed  at  the  eighteenth  week. 

Occasionally  bladder  worms  are  found 
measuring  10  to  12  mm.,  with  a  scolex 
8  to  9  mm. ;  these  parasites  are  more 
than  28  weeks  old.  If  the  infested 
animal  is  not  slaughtered  and  does 
not  die  the  cysts  will  eventually  die 
and  degenerate.  Thus,  in  one  animal 
killed  224  days  after  being  infected 
with  tapeworm  eggs,  the  cysts  were 
calcified  (Saint-Cyr).  The  parasites 
which  inhabit  the  seats  of  predilection 
(see  p.  78)  seem  to  be  the  last  to  die. 
The  degeneration  may  include  (1)  the 
surrounding  connective  tissue  cap- 
sule, which  becomes  opaque  and  thick- 
ened, (2)  the  bladder  cyst  of  the  worm, 
which  turns  to  a  yellowish  green, 
soft,  cheesy  mass,  or  (3)  both.  If, 
however,  the  animal  is  slaughtered 
before  the  cysticerci  become  calci- 
fied, and  the  meat  used  for  food,  the 
cyst  around  the  hydatid  is  digested  upon  arriving  in  the  stomach  of 

1  During  the  proofreading  of  this  report  an  article  by  Ostertag  (1897,  pp.  1-4)  has 
reached  us,  in  which  he  adds  some  details  of  value  in  judging  the  age  of  the  bladder 
worms.  His  chief  results  may  be  summarized  as  follows : 

(1)  A  steer  may  become  infected  with  beef  measles,  and  yet  recover  from  the 
attack  without  showing  upon  post-mortem  any  calcined  cysts.  (2)  C.  boria,  18  days 
old,  is  spiudleform,  and  measures  4  mm.  long  by  2  mm.  broad ;  a  differentiation  into 
scolex  and  bladder  is  not  yet  present.  (3)  Up  to  33  days  after  infection  the  parasite 
is  surrounded  by  a  cheesy  mass,  the  result  of  exudation ;  this  afterward  disap- 
pears. (4)  At  25  days  old  the  parasite  shows  the  primordium  of  the  scolex.  with 
faint  indication  of  the  suckers.  (5)  When  the  parasite  is  59  days  old  the  suckers 
may  be  seen  with  the  naked  eye ;  calcareous  corpuscles  are  also  present.  (6)  The 
lumen  of  the  suckers  is  visible  in  parasites  73  days  old. 


FIG.  70. — Dorsal,  apex,  and  lateral  views  of  the 
head  of  Beef-measle  Tapeworm  (Taenia  sa- 
ginata),  showing  a  depression  in  the  center 
of  the  apex.  X17.  (Original.) 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.       75 


man.  The  hydatid  cyst  is  also  digested,  the  head  and  neck  alone 
remaining  uninjured.  The  scolex  then  passes  from  the  stomach  into 
the  small  intestine,  fastens  itself  to  the  wall  by  means  of  its  suckers,  and 
gives  -rise  to  segments  by  transverse  division  (stabilization)  directly 
back  of  the  head  and  neck.  New  segments  are  formed  between  the 
head  and  the  old  segments,  so  that  the  last  segment  is  always  the  oldest 
and  the  segment  nearest  the  head  always  the  youngest.  Segments  are 
formed  so  rapidly  that  the  worm  is  full  grown  at  the  end  of  about  three 
months.  Perroucito  estimates,  that  about  13  to  14  new  segments  are 
formed  each  day,  which  results  in  an  average  increase  in  the 

length  of  the    V  J  worm  at  the  rate  of  about  3  cm.  per  day  for 


the  first  month 
Genital  organs, 
segment,  em 
completed  to  the 


The  disease  in 
cattle  in  the  skel 


and  14  cm.  per  day  for  the  second  month, 
both  male  and  female,  are  developed  in  every 
bryos  are  produced,  and  the  life  cycle  is 
point  from  which  we  started  out. 

BEEF  MEASLES. 

cattle. — Cysticercus  bovls  has  been  found  in 
etal  muscles,  in  the  heart,  the  adipose  tissue 
around  the  kidneys,  the  subperitoneal  con- 
nective tissue,  the  lymphatic  glands,  and 
between  the  convolutions  of  the  brain; 
cases  are  also  reported  of  its  presence  in 
the  lungs  and  liver. 

In  some  infections  of  cattle  which  have 
been  made  no  symptoms 
of  disease  were  noticed, 
but  in  others  quite  severe 
symptoms  have  been  ob- 
served. About  fifteen  to 
twenty  days  after  infec- 
tion the  animals  became 


FIG.  71.— Segments  from  various  strobilae  of  Beef-measle 
Tapeworm  (Taenia  saginata)  showing  forms  of  proglottids 
which  are  occasionally  found:  a,  elongated  segments;  6, 
beadlikc  segments;  c,  a  portion  of  strobila  in  which  the  seg- 
mentation is  not  distinct;  d,  monilif'orm  segments  (a  and 6 
original ;  c  and  d  after  E.  Blanchard,  1894). 


feverish,  the  sickness  in- 
creasing to  the  twenty- 
fifth  to  sixtieth  day,  the 
patients  becoming  ema- 
ciated. Several  cases 
proved  fatal,  while  others  recovered  and  were  apparently  none  the 
worse  for  the  experiment. 

These  symptoms  have  been  noticed  only  in  cattle  which  have  been 
experimented  upon  and  which  have  received  enormous  infectious,  and 
it  is  very  generally  supposed  that  an  ordinary  infection  will  have  little 
or  no  effect  upon  the  animals;  we  can,  however,  easily  imagine  that 
such  an  infection  as  Fleming  describes,  where  he  found  300  cysticerci 
in  one  pound  of  muscle,  will  injure  the  host.  When  the  heart  is 
heavily  infected  its  action  must  be  seriously  impeded.  As  an  example 


INSPECTION    OF    MEATS    FOR    ANIMAL    PARASITES. 


of  an  extreme  case  we  may  take  the  following  description  of  symptoms 
and  post-mortem  examination,  taken  from  Ziirn  (1882,  p.  187) : 

Symptoms. — Four  days  after  feeding  segments  of  T.  saginata  to  a  healthy  three- 
months-old  calf,  the  patient  showed  a  higher  temperature  (the  normal  temperature 
was 39.2  C.)  The  calf  ate  but  little  on  that  day,  showed  an  accelerated  pulse,  swollen 
belly,  staring  coat,  and  upon  pressure  on  the  sides  showed  signs  of  pain.  The  next 
day  the  animal  was  more  lively,  ate  a  little,  and  for  nine  days  later  did  not  show 
any  special  symptoms  except  pain  on  pressure  of  the  abdominal  walls,  and  a  slight 
fever.  Nine  days  after  the  infection  the  temperature  was  40.7  C.,  pulse  86,  respira- 
tion 22;  the  calf  laid  down  most  of  the  time,  lost  its  appetite  almost  entirely,  and 
groaned  considerably.  When  driven  it  showed  a  stiff  gait  and  evident  pain  in  the 
Bide.  The  fever  increased  gradually  and  with  it  tile  feebleness  and  low  spirited- 
ness  of  the  calf, 
which  now  retained 
a  recumbent  posi- 
tion most  of  the 
time,  being  scarcely 
able  to  rise  without 
aid,  and  eating  only 
mash  with  ground 
corn.  Diarrhea 
common  ced,  the 
temperature  fell 
gradually,  and  on 
the  twecty  -  third 
day  the  animal 
died.  The  temper- 
ature had  fallen  to 
38.2  C.  During  the 
last  few  days  the 
calf  was  unable  to 
rise;  in  fact,  it 
could  scarcely  raise 
its  head  to  lick  the 
mash  placed  before 
it.  Pulse  was  re- 
duced by  1C  beats. 
On  the  last  day  the 
heart  beats  were 


FIG.  72. — Sexually  mature  segment  of  Beef-measle  Tapeworm  (Taenia  sagin- 
ata): ep,  cirrus  pouch,  with  cirrus;  dc,  dorsal  canal;  gp,  genital  pore; 
n,  lateral  longitudinal  nerves;  ot>,  ovary;  sg,  shell  .gland;  t,  testicles;  ut, 
median  uterine  stem,  enlarged  (in  part  after  Leuckart);  v,  vagina; 
ve,  ventral  canal,  connected  by  transverse  canal,  tc;  vd,  vas.  deferens ; 
vg,  vitellogene  gland. 


very  much  slower,  yet  firm,  and  could  be  plainly  felt.  Several  days  before  death  the 
breathing  was  labored  and  on  the  last  day  there  was  extreme  dyspnoea.  * 

Post-moriem. — Body  cavities  contained  reddish  serous  exudate.  Subderrnal  con- 
nective tissue  was  oedematous.  Muscles  were  redder  than  usual,  in  some  places 
very  dark  red.  In  the  heart  muscles  were  innumerable  (many  thousand)  round 
tubercle-like  bodies,  1.5  to  3  mm.  long,  1.2  to  5  mm.  wide,  yellowish-white  in  color. 
Young  cysticerci  lay  embedded  in  these  smeary  chalky  cysts.  Some  of  these  cysti- 
cerci  were  round,  but  the  majority  were  bottle-shaped  and  contained  round  cells  and 
fat  globules,  and  were  inclosed  by  a  membrane. 

The  bottle-shaped  cysticerci  measured  0.557  mm.  long  while  their  greatest  diameter 
was  0.326  mm.  Cysts  were  also  found  in  all  the  muscles,  especially  in  the  muscles 
of  mastication,  dorsal  muscles  of  the  neck,  etc.,  and  finally,  though  not  many,  in 
the  diaphragm,  and  outer  and  inner  diagonal  abdominal  muscles. 

Acute  cestode  tuberculosis  is  a  name  which  is  sometimes  applied  to 
designate  a  heavy  infection  with  cysticerci. 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.   77 


Failing  to  diagnose  the  presence  of  the  parasites  by  symptoms 
exhibited  by  the  cattle,  we  have  recourse  to  other  methods  which  have 
occasionally  proved  of  use : 

(1)  By  examining  the  under  side  of  the  tongue  it  is  occasionally  pos- 
sible to  find  small  lumps  about  the  size  of  a  pea  or  bean  which  can  be 
moved  slightly  with  the  fingers,  and  which  in  many  cases  represent 
cysticerci.     It  is  rare  that  this  method  leads  to  any  practical  results, 
and  no  confidence  should  be  placed  in  it. 

(2)  Several  authors  suggest  cutting  out  a  portion  of  muscle — one 
of  the  neck  muscles,  for  instance — and  examining  it  for  the  cysts. 
Although  the  diagnosis  may  sometimes  be  made  by  operating  in  this 
manner,  we  can  hardly  see  how  it  can  be  of  any  practical  value,  since 
no  treatment,  except  good  nourishment,  which  cattle  should  always 
have,  can  at  present  be  suggested  for  animals  infested  with  these  para- 
sites.    Moreover,  extirpation  of  a  muscle  should  be 

practiced  only  by  professionals,  and  a  negative  diag- 
nosis in  this  case  is  of  no  value. 

(3)  The  only  positive  diagnosis   is   post-mortem 
examination,  and  this,  for  the  comfort  of  man,  as 
will  be  shown,  should  be  made  on  all  slaughtered 
cattle.     An  examination  of  the  internal  and  external 
muscles  of  the  jaws,  the  tongue  and  neck,  as  well  as 
the  heart  and  muscles  seen  from  the  body  cavity, 
will  generally  suffice  to  determine  whether  the  cysti- 
cerci are  present  or  not. 

Treatment. — There  is  no  medical  treatment  to  be 
suggested.  Prevention,  however,  is  extremely  sim- 
ple. We  have  seen  (p.  72)  'that  cattle  obtain  the 
eggs  directly  or  indirectly  from  human  excrements; 
hence  persons  who  have  this  tapeworm  should  not 
void  their  excrements  in  fields  or  barns  where  they 
can  contaminate  the  fodder  or  water  used  for  cattle. 
"If  this  plan  is  followed,  not  only  will  the  spread  of 
the  parasite  among  cattle  be  prevented,  but  also  the  spread  of  this 
species  of  tapeworm  among  man,  since  the  latter,  as  has  already  been 
stated,  becomes  infected  by  eating  meat  containing  the  larval  stage.  It 
lies  entirely  within  the  power  of  the  inhabitants  in  stock-raising  districts 
to  prevent  the  infection  of  their  cattle  with  this  parasite. 


FIG.  73.— Gravid  segment 
of  Beef-measle  Tape- 
worm (Taenia  gagin- 
ata),  showing  lateral 
branches  of  the  uterus, 
enlarged  (original). 


ABATTOIR   INSPECTION.1 

As  beef  measles,  when  swallowed  by  man,  gives  rise  to  an  adult 
tapeworm,  the  question  of  using  meat  infested  with  this  parasite  and 

1  Since  this  report  was  sent  to  press  we  have  received  a  very  extensive  article  upon 
abattoir  inspection  for  beef  measles,  written  by  Rasmussen  (1897),  of  Kopenhagen. 
Persons  who  wish  to  inform  themselves  upon  this  subject  more  in  detail  are  referred 
to  the  articles  by  Rasrnussen  (1897)  and  Friis  (1897). 


78  INSPECTION    OF    MEATS    FOR    ANIMAL    PARASITES. 

the  question  of  abattoir  inspection  naturally  arise.  Although  this  spe- 
cies of  tapeworm  does  not  contribute  to  the  comfort  of  man,  it  can  not 
be  looked  upon  as  a  dangerous  parasite.  It  may  bring  about  digestive 
troubles,  but  will  not  per  se  result  in  the  death  of  the  patient;  and 
with  proper  treatment  it  can  be  gotten  rid  of,  although  sometimes 
with  difficulty.  Nevertheless,  its  presence  in  man  should,  of  course,  be 
prevented  when  possible,  and. this  can  be  done  by  very  simple  means, 
namely,  (1)  by  an  inspection  of  cattle  at  the  slaughterhouses  to  deter- 
mine the  presence  or  absence  of  the  larval  stage,  and  (2)  by  submitting 
infested  meat  to  processes  which  kill  the  parasites. 

(1)  Position  of  the  parasites. — Inspectors  should  examine  very  thor- 
oughly the  muscles  of  all  cattle  slaughtered,  especially  the  inner  and 
outer  muscles  of  mastication  and  the  heart;  cuts  should  be  made  into 
the  muscles  of  the  jaws  parallel  to  the  bones. 

The  following  table,  taken  from  Ostertag,  giving  the  result  of  the 
meat  inspection  in  Berlin  for  1889-90,  is  exceedingly  instructive,  as  it 
shows  the  general  distribution  of  the  parasites  in  the  various  muscles : 

Cases. 

(1)  In  muscles  of  the  jaws 316 

(2)  In  muscles  of  the  jaws  and  in  the  heart 39 1 

(3)  In  muscles  of  the  jaws  and  in  the  tongue.  . .; 4 

(4)  In  muscles  of  the  jaws  and  in  the  neck 1 

(5)  la  muscles  of  the  neck I 

(6)  In  muscles  of  the  neck  and  in  the  tongue 1 

(7)  In  muscles  of  the  tongue 2 

(8)  In  muscles  of  the  tongne  and  heart 2 

(9)  In  muscles  of  the  tongue  and  muscles  of  breast 1 

(10)  General  infection ^ 22 

Thus  it  is  seen  that  in  these  examinations  the  muscles  of  the  jaws 
were  infested  360  times,  while  the  other  organs  were  infested  but  55 
times  (in  this  computation  the  22  cases  of  general  infection  are  omitted) ; 
in  other  words,  in  about  seven-eighths  of  all  cases  found  parasites 
were  present  in  the  muscles  of  the  jaws.  Occasionally,  in  very  heavy 
infections,  the  parasites  occur  also  in  the  lymphatic  glands,  the  lungs, 
the  liver,  the  brain,  etc. 

The  recognition  of  the  fully  developed  bladder  worms  is  an  easy  mat- 
ter for  anyone  who  understands  the  structure  of  the  parasite ;  although 
their  detection  in  superficial  layers  is  rendered  somewhat  difficult  in 
case  the  surface  of  the  meat  becomes  dried.  In  case  of  doubt  the  sus- 
pected cysticercus  may  be  placed  between  two  fingers  and  a  gradual 
pressure  exerted  upon  the  cyst.  This  will  cause  the  protrusion  of  the 
head,  upon  which  the  four  suckers  can  be  easily  distinguished.  A  sim- 
ple microscopic  preparation  of  the  parasite,  made  by  pressing  it  between 
two  pieces  of  glass,  will  reveal  the  presence  of  the  calcareous  corpus- 
cles of  the  parenchyma. 

Differential  diagnosis. — The  only  parasites  in  cattle  which  would  be 
likely  to  be  mistaken  for  beef  measles  are  Cysticercus  tenuicollis  (see 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.       79 

p.  96)  and  Echinococcus  polymorplius.  The  absence  of  hooks,  however, 
immediately  distinguishes  the  Beef-measle  Bladder  Worm  (Cysticercus 
boris]  from  C.  tenuicollis,  which  occurs  in  the  serous  membranes,  etc., 
but  not  in  the  muscles.  Young  stages  of  the  echinococcus  hydatid, 
which  are  occasionally  found  in  the  muscles,  differ  from  the  Beef-measle 
Bladder  Worm  in  several  characters,  which  render  a  differential  diag- 
nosis comparatively  easy,  as  seen  from  the  following  table: 


Oysticercus  bovig. 


Echinococcus,  p.  113. 


One  unarmed  liead  present..    Head  absentfpr  numerous  armed  heads  present  in  brood  capsules  (p.  116). 

Cuticle  thin '  Cuticle  thici  and  laminated  (p.  116). 

Form  oval Form  round. 


A  positive  diagnosis  of  the  younger  stages  of  C.  bovis  (i.  e.,  before  the 
head  has  developed),  or  of  degenerated  specimens,  is  sometimes  more 
difficult;  the  younger  stages  and  the  totally  degenerated  specimens 
will  not  develop  further  if  eaten;  the  specimens  which  are  only  partially 
degenerated  may,  however,  still  retain  enough  vitality  to  develop  into 
adult  tapeworms.  The  oval  or  pyriform  body  gives  a  probable  diag- 
nosis for  the  younger  stages,  while  the  presence  of  calcareous  corpuscles 
(seen  only  with  the  microscope)  furnishes  a  method  of  diagnosis  for  the 
degenerated  forms.  Even  in  completely  degenerated  cysts  the  calca- 
reous bodies  may  be  discovered ;  these  should,  however,  not  be  mistaken 
for  fat  globules  which  are  more  strongly  refractive,  possess  a  broader 
and  darker  edge,  and  do  not  change  on  addition  of  acetic  acid.  It  is 
more  difficult  to  distinguish  the  calcareous  corpuscles  from  certain  crys- 
tals of  calcium  carbonate;  the  latter  lie  in  clumps  and  overlap  each  other, 
and  upon  being  treated  with  mineral  acids  (as  weak  hydrochloric  acid) 
completely  disappear,  while  when  the  calcareous  corpuscles  are  treated 
with  acids  their  organic  base  retains  the  original  form. 

Rissling  gives  the  following  method  for  determining  the  presence  of  cystic^rci  in 
chopped  meat  and  sausage,  but  its  application  does  not  seem  very  practicable,  for 
this  country  at  least.  It  appears  to  us  much  better  to  inspect  meat  for  measles  before 
it  is  cut  up. 

Prepare  1  to  4  liters  of  a  solution  of  caustic  soda  or  caustic  potash  having  a  specific 
gravity  of  1.15;  place  this,  together  with  the  teased  or  chopped  meat,  in  a  funnel- 
shaped  dish,  stir  well  aud  allow  to  stand.  The  worms  will  then  sink  to  the  bottom 
while  the  rest  of  the  material  will  float. 

Schmidt-Miilheim's  method  consists  in  artificially  digesting  the  meat  at  40°  C. 
After  several  hours  the  bladder  portion  of  the  cysticerci  will  be  more  or  less  destroyed, 
but  the  heads  will  not  be  affected ;  they  sink  to  the  bottom  of  the  vessel  and  may  be 
recognized  us  small  white  bodies.  In  armed  cysticerci  (C.  celluloaae,  p.  89,  etc.)  the 
hooks  will  be  found. 


80 


INSPECTION    OP    MEATS    FOK    ANIMAL    PARASITES. 


Frequency  o/Cysticercus  bo  vis  in  cattle. — Xo  exact  statistics  have  been 
published  for  this  country.  The  proportions  of  infected  cattle  slaugh- 
tered in  Prussia  for  1892  were  as  follows: 


Kegierungsbezirk. 

Propor- 
tion. 

Regierungsbezirk. 

Propor- 
tion. 

Stralsund  

1:51 

Kassel  

1  •  1  653 

Oppehi  

1:229 

Bronaberg.  . 

Hannover  

Breslau  

Liineburg  

j  1:350 

1  :  2,  500 

Danzig  

1:426 

Koblenz  

1-610 

Stettin 

^ 

Marien  werder  

Poseii  

1  1:3,  500 

Frankfurt  .         .           

1:775 

1  •  6  659 

Merseburg  

Liegnitz  

1  •  20  000 

1:915 

1  •  25  586 

1  •  34  182 

|  1  :  1,  025 

The  average  proportion  for  the  first  20  Regierungsbezirke  mentioned 
was  1:1,631.  These  statistics  appear  rather  low  when  we  notice  the 
following  figures  for  the  Berlin  abattoir: 


Tear. 

Cattle 
slaugh- 
tered. 

Cattle 
infected. 

Proportion. 

188388  

2 

1888  89  

141,  814 

113 

1  •  1  ''55 

1889  9C  

154,  218 

390 

1-395 

189091  

124,  593 

263 

1  -474 

1891-92    

136,  368 

254 

1-541 

1892  93  :  

142,  874 

214 

1-672 

This  apparent  increase  in  proportion  from  1:1,255  in  1888-89  to 
1:672  in  1892-93  is  due  to  the  more  thorough  inspection  following 
Hertwig's  discovery  of  the  seats  of  predilection  of  the  parasite,  rather 
than  an  actual  increase  in  the  number  of  animals  infected. 

Influence  of  age  and  sex  of  the  host. — According  to  certain  European 
statistics  about  50  per  cent  of  the  cases  of  infection  are  found  in  ani- 
mals 2  years  old ;  about  20  per  cent  of  the  cases  in  animals  3  years  old, 
and  about  4.5  per  cent  in  animals  of  1,  4,  5,  6,  7,  and  8  years  old,  respec- 
tively. Beef  measles  are  also  said  to  be  more  common  in  male  aniiikals 
than  in  female  animals. 

Influence  of  season. — According  to  Easmussen,  bladder  worms  are 
more  common  in  late  summer  and  early  fall  than  at  other  times  of  the 
year.  From  statistics  he  gives  for  Copenhagen  it  appears  that  for  the 
years  1890-96,  the  total  number  of  cases  found  and  their  proportion  to 
the  entire  number  of  animals  slaughtered  were  as  follows : 


Mouths. 

Cases. 

Per  cent. 

Months. 

Cases. 

Per  cent. 

39 

0  17 

13 

0.10 

38 

19 

52 

.31 

43 

20 

69 

.32 

April  

20 

.10 

81 

.35 

Mav... 

24 

.12 

54 

.21 

13 

09 

38 

.18 

FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.       81 

Disposition  of  measly  beef. — Measly  beef  should  be  condemned  to  the 
tank  as  unfit  for  food  when  the  infection  is  general,  or  when  the  inva 
sion  by  the  parasites  has  caused  a  watery  and  "flabby"  condition  of 
the  meat.  In  case  of  light  infection  the  meat  can  be  used  for  food  after 
the  cysticerci  have  been  rendered  harmless,  but  even  in  these  cases 
it  is  well  to  cut  away  the  most  heavily  infested  portions.  Cases  of 
so-called  "single  infection"  should  be  treated  the  same  as  cases  of 
light  infection,  for  although  it  may  unquestionably  happen  that  an 
animal  is  infected  with  but  one  bladder  worm,  still  the  finding  of  only 
one  parasite  is  no  proof  that  other  parasites  are  not  present;  further- 
more, in  a  number  of  cases  of  alleged  "  single  infection,"  later  and 
more  thorough  examination  has  revealed  further  worms. 

In  case  of  infection  with  only  very  young  parasites,  in  which  the 
suckers  are  not  fully  developed,  the  meat  may  safely  be  passed  and 
allowed  to  go  on  the  market  without  restriction. 

In  case  of  infection  with  fully  developed  live  bladder  worms,  the 
meat  should  be  subjected  to  some  safeguarding  method  before  being 
placed  on  the  block,  or  it  should  be 
sold  under  declaration  of  its  exact 
character. 

Opinion  differs  as  to  the  method 
which  should  be  followed  in  case  of 
infection  with  degenerated  bladder 
worms.  It  is  maintained  by  some 
that  this  meat  should  be  allowed  on 

the     market    Without     restrictions.      FIG.  74.-Egg  of  Beef -measle  Tapeworm  (Taenia 
The    finding   Of  degenerated    CystS,         saginata),  with  thick  eggshell  (embryophore), 

or  bladders,  however,  is  no  proof 
that  all  the  parasites  are  dead,  for 
not  only  are  cases  more  or  less  frequently  found  in  which  both  live  and 
degenerated  bladders  are  present,  but  even  if  the  cyst,  or  bladder,  is 
degenerated  the  head  may,  in  some  cases,  still  retain  its  vitality.  It  is 
accordingly  safer  to  treat  carcasses  with  degenerated  cysts  in  the  same 
manner  as  carcasses  with  live  cysts;  and  should  any  exception  to  this 
be  made,  such  exception  should  be  limited  to  cases  in  which  the 
degenerated  parasites  are  found  in  the  muscles  of  the  jaws. 

The  cysticerci  may  be  killed  by  cooking,  by  salting  or  corning,  or  by 
cold  storage. 

Cooking. — This  is  the  surest  method  of  killing  the  parasites,  but  it  is 
open  to  the  serious  practical  objection  that,  according  to  estimates, 
cooking  in  a  steam  sterilizing  apparatus  results  in  a  shrinkage  of  from 
33  to  50  per  cent,  and  this  heavy  loss  will  undoubtedly  be  a  drawback 
to  its  general  use. 

Perroncito  found  that  below  30°  C.  the  movements  of  the  worms  are 
very  slight,  or  practically  nil;  from  36°  to  38°  C.  the  movements  are 
livelier;  at  higher  temperature  they  diminish,  ceasing  at  44°  C.;  they 
5257— No.  19 6 


82  INSPECTION    OP    MEATS    FOR    ANIMAL    PARASITES. 

"die  sometimes  at  44°  C.,  now  and  then  at  45°  C.,  and  always  at  46°  C." 
He  "  therefore  concluded  that  they  could  in  no  case  survive  47°  C. 
and  48°  C.  [=116.6°  to  118.4°  F.]  when  they  are  maintained  at  this 
temperature  for  at  least  five  minutes.  Lewis  found  a  somewhat  higher 
temperature  necessary  in  order  to  kill  the  worms.  He  states — 

(1)  That  exposure  to  a  temperature  of  120°  F.  for  five  minutes  will  not  destroy  life 
in  cysticerci,  but  they  may  continue  to  manifest  indications  of  life  for  at  least  two 
or  three  days  after  such  exposure;  (2)  that  exposure  to  a  temperature  of  125°  F.  for 
five  minutes  does  not  kill  them,  but  (3)  after  being  subjected  to  a  temperature  of 
130°  F.  for  five  minutes  they  may  be  considered  to  have  perished.  After  exposure 
to  this  and  higher  temperatures,  in  no  instance  have  I  been  able  to  satisfy  myself 
that  the  slightest  movements  took  place  in  their  substance  when  examined  even 
under  a  high  power.  At  least,  it  may  be  confidently  asserted  that  after  exposure 
for  five  minutes  to  a  temperature  of  135°  to  140°  F.  life  in  these  parasites  may  be 
considered  extinct. 

Pillizzari  found  that  cysticerci  died  at  a  temperature  of  60°  C. 
(  =  140°  F.),  while  according  to  Hertwig  52°  C.  (  =  125.6°  F.)  reduces 
the  bladder  worm  to  a  smeary,  soft  condition,  so  that  it  can  be  easily 
flattened  out  between  two  pieces  of  glass.  It  is  important  to  recall, 
however,  that  in  cooking  large  pieces  of  meat  the  temperature  of  the 
inner  portion  does  not  rise  as  rapidly  as  that  of  the  outer  portion  As 
an  index  to  the  duration  of  cooking  required  in  order  to  guaranty  that 
all  the  bladder  worms  are  killed,  Ostertag  gives  the  rule  of  two  hours' 
cooking  for  pieces  of  varying  length,  but  not  over  12  cm.  (=6  inches) 
thick.  Probably  the  best  criterion  in  forming  a  judgment  is  the  color 
of  the  meat;  60°  to  70°  C.  (=140°  to  158°  F.)  causes  a  reduction  of  the 
haemoglobin,  and  this  results  in  giving  a  gray  color  to  beef  and  a  white 
color  to  pork;  when  slices  of  cooked  beef  (or  pork)  assume  this  gray 
(or  white)  color,  it  can  safely  be  assumed  that  all  the  cysticerci  have 
been  killed. 

In  1894  and  1895  Berlin,  Prussia,  cooked  342  insured  beef-measly 
carcasses,  representing  insurance  policies  to  the  value  of  57,223.30 
marks  (about  $13,619.15).  During  the  same  period  there  were  con- 
demned 221  uninsured  beef-measly  carcasses,  valued,  on  the  same 
basis,  at  36,977.60  marks  (about  $8,800.67).  The  raw  beef  was  sold  to 
the  parties  having  the  cooking  in  charge  at  20  pfennige  (about  5  cents) 
per  pound,  and  after  being  cooked  was  sold  to  the  public  at  30  to  35 
pfennige  (about  7£  to  8f  cents)  per  pound.  Cooked  measly  pork  was 
sold  at  40  pfennige  (about  10  cents)  per  pound.  ;  . 

Salting. — Salt  solution  kills  the  bladder  worms  in  twenty-four  hours, 
the  parasites  becoming  shriveled.  Here,  again,  it  must  be  remem- 
bered that  it  takes  some  time  for  the  salt  to  reach  the  deeper  layers. 
•  It  is  probable  that  this  method  will  to  some  extent  supersede  the 
cooking,  since  the  shrinkage  by  salting  is  estimated  at  only  6.6  per 
cent.  Two  carcasses  of  500  pounds  each,  treated  at  Kiel  by  different 
methods,  form  an  excellent  comparison.  The  cooked  carcass  gave  300 
pounds  of  beef  which  sold  at  30  pfeunige  (about  7i  cents  per  pound :  in 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.       83 

all,  00  marks  (about  $21 .42) ;  the  salted  carcass  gave  400  pounds  of  beef 
which  sold  at  40  pfeunige  (about  10  cents)  per  pound;  in  all,  184 marks 
(about  $43.79). 

In  Saxony  measly  beef  has  sold  as  high  as  1  mark  (about  24  cents) 
per  pound,  while  in  some  parts  of  Germany  it  has  been  sold  from  2£  to 
10  cents  per  pound.  In  a  few  instances  the  prejudice  against  this  meat 
was  so  great  that  it  could  not  be  sold  at  all.  In  general,  however,  the 
salted  measly  beef  is  easier  to  dispose  of  than  the  cooked  measly  beef. 
Ostertag  gives  as  rule  for  salting  the  following:  Cut  the  meat  into 
strips  of  any  given  length,  but  not  over  6  cm.  (3  inches)  in  thickness, 
and  place  for  two  weeks  in  a  brine  composed  of  1,000  parts  of  water, 
250  parts  of  salt,  20  parts  of  sugar,  and  2£  parts  of  saltpeter.  As  a 
practical  test  to  determine  whether  the  salting  is  thorough,  and  the 
parasites  are  dead,  he  suggests  the  use  of  a  1  per  cent  solution  of 
nitrate  of  silver.  If  applied  to  the  surface  of  lightly  cured  meat  this 
solution  will  produce  no  change  in  the  appearance;  if  the  meat  is  fully 
cured,  a  momentary  milky  opacity  will  result,  owing  to  the  formation 
of  chloride  of  silver.  To  use  the  test,  wash  the  meat  thoroughly  in 
water,  then  wipe  it  with  a  cloth,  and  make  a  quick  incision  through  the 
middle  of  the  piece  to  be  tested;  apply  a  few  drops  of  the  nitrate  of 
silver  to  the  cut  surface. 

Cold  storage. — Perroncito  maintains  that  Cysticercus  bovis  dies  four- 
teen days  after  its  host  has  been  slaughtered.  More  recent  investiga- 
tions by  Ostertag,  Zschokke,  Glage,  and  others  have  shown  that  two 
weeks  form  too  short  a  limit,  but  that  none  of  the  worms  can  survive 
three  weeks;  beef-measly  meat  which  has  been  in  cold  storage  for 
three  weeks  may  therefore  be  looked  upon  as  harmless. 

In  view  of  these  recent  investigations,  I  can  see  no  reason  why  light 
cases  of  beef  measles  (but  not  pork  measles,  see  p.  94),  which  have 
remained  three  weeks  in  cold  storage,  should  not  be  passed  as  first-class 
meat  and  allowed  on  the  open  market  without  further  restrictions. 
'  During  certain  seasons  of  the  year,  however,  there  is  a  practical  objec- 
tion to  this  method  of  safeguarding  which  has  been  thus  far  overlooked 
•  (except  by  Friis).    Experience  has  shown  that  meat  which  has  been  in 
j  cold  storage  for  this  length  of  time  during  summer  will  spoil  much  more 
'  rapidly  when  taken  out  of  the  cooler  than  meat  which  has  been  placed 
i  in  the  ice  box  only  long  enough  to  cool  and  "firm." 

i  THE  ADULT   TAPEWORM   IN  MAN  AND  METHODS   OF  PREVENTING  THE 
INFECTION   OF   CATTLE. 

Taenia  saginata,  or  the  large  Unarmed  Tapeworm,  is  the  most  com- 
mon of  the  ten  species  of  tapeworms  found  in  the  intestine  of  man. 
\A  form  with  which  it  has  frequently  been  confounded  is  a  tapeworm 
I  (T.  solium)  of  about  half  the  size  (2  to  3.5  m.),  acquired  by  eating  pork 
i  infected  with  larvae  ( Cysticercus  cellulosae],  which  are  very  similar  to 
i  those  found  in  the  cattle,  but  are  somewhat  larger  and  possess  a  double 
crown  of  hooks  on  the  head. 


84 


INSPECTION    OF    MEATS    FOR    ANIMAL    PARASITES. 


The  Unarmed  Tapeworm  of  mail  is  almost  cosmopolitau,  and  is  especially  common 
in  Africa  and  Asia.  Many  of  the  puhlished  statistics  of  the  relative  frequency  of 
T.  saginaia  and  T.  solium  are,  however,  to  be  taken  with  reserve.  In  some  countries 
the  Beef-measle  Tapeworm  is  said  to  be  increasing  and  the  Pork-measle  worm  to  be 
decreasing  in  frequency;  but  in  some  cases  these  statements  are  unquestionably 
based  uponmisdeterminations.  Physicians  too  frequently  make  their  determinations 
upon  the  external  form  of  the  segments— a  method  which  can  not  be  relied  upon,  even 
when  such  detemination  is  made  by  a  specialist.  In  America,  for  instance,  it  is  fre- 
quently stated  that  T.  soUum  is  more  common  than  T.  saginaia,  but  this  view  has  been 
shown  to  be  erroneous  (Stiles,  1895,  p.  281).  According  to  the  official  medical  sta- 
tistics of  the  late  civil  war,  566  cases  of  tapeworms  were  noticed  in  5,548,854  patients 
from  July  1, 1862,  to  June  30, 1866,  or  1 :  9,803,  but  no  indication  as  to  the  species  found 
is  given.  In  some  countries  statistics  seem  to  show  that  tapeworm  disease  has  been 
on  the  increase.  Thus  JbS6renger-Fe'raud  ( 1892)  records  the  following  statistics  for  the 
maritime  hospitals  of  France : 


Tear.                                                             Cases. 

Patients. 

Cases  per 
1,000 
patients. 

1861-65       33 

130  927 

0.20 

1866  70                        95 

152,  822 

0  62 

187175                           422 

137,  361 

3.06 

1876-80                    1,  108 

130,898 

8.45 

1881  85            1  ,  565 

155.  646 

10  05 

1886  90                    2,  253 

152,  852 

14.80 

Be'renger-Fe'raud  looks  upon  1860  as  the  date  of  introduction  of  T.  saginaia  into 
France,  but  Blanchard  has  shown  that  this  is  not  the  case,  although  he  admits  that 
it  has  increased  in  frequency  from  year  to  year. 

Krabbe  has  published  the  following  valuable  statistics  regarding  tapeworms  of 
man  in  Denmark: 


Tear. 

T.  iaginata. 

T.  solium. 

Dipylidium 
caninum. 

Bothriocepha- 
lu»  latus. 

Before  1869                  

37 

53 

1 

9 

1869-80                   

67 

19 

4 

11 

1880  87                  

87 

5 

4 

5 

1887  95                                                                   

89 

6 

30 

' 

It  seems  quite  well  established  that  there  has  been  an  increase  in  the  frequency  o 
T.  saginata  in  man  in  some  districts,  but  since  Hertwig's  important  observation 
in  1889-90  regarding  the  seats  of  predilection  of  the  larval  stage  the  destruction  of 
so  many  more  larvae  must  necessarily  have  resulted  in  decreasing  the  frequency  of 
this  species  in  man.  There  can  be  no  question  that  since  the  trichina  scare  in  1860 
and  the  following  years,  which  led  to  an  inspection  of  pork  in  some  countries, 
and  to  greater  care  in  cooking  it  in  others,  T.  solium  has  decreased  in  frequency. 

The  following  key  will  aid  in  the  determination  of  the  tapeworms  of 
man: 

KEY  TO  THE  ADLT-LT  TAPEWORMS  OF  MAN. 

•  [For  forms  recorded  in  this  country  follow  Roman  type.] 

(1)  Head  with  two  elongate  grooves  or  slit-like  suckers ;  rostellum  absent;  uterus 
with  special  pore;  genital  pores  generally  dorsal  or  ventral. 

Bothriocephalldae,  2. 

Head  with  four  cup-shaped  suckers;  rostelltiin  present  but  not  always  evident; 
uterus  without  special  pore ;  genital  pores  generally  marginal...   Taeniidae, 4. 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.       85 

BOTHRIOCEPHALIDAE  (Subfamily  Bothriocephalinae). 

(2)  Body  with  external  segmentation ;  head  with  two  elongate  or  groove-like  suckers : 
Genital  organs  single  in  each  segment;  cirrus,  vulva,  and  uterus  open  ventro- 

median Bothriocephalus,  3. 

Genital  organs  double  in  each  segment ;  cirrus,  rnlva,  and  uterus  open  ventrally  ;  worm 
very  large,  attains  about  10  meters -in  length  by  2  cm.  in  breadth;  life  history 
unknown.  Found  in  Japan Krabbea  grandia. 

BOTHRIOCEPHALUS. 

(3)  Very  large,  attains  10  meters  or  more  in  length,  reddish  gray  in  color;  very  rare 

in  this  country ;  obtained  from  eating  fish:  Common  pike  (Lucius  lucius),  ling 
(Lota  lota),  perch  (Perca  fluviatilis) ;  several  members  of  the  salmon  family 
(Salmo  urnbla,  S.  trutta,  S.  lacustris,  Thymallus  vulgaris,  Coregonus  lavaretus, 
C.  albula,  Onchorrhynchus  Perryi,  and  perhaps  Salmo  salar) B.  latus. 

(B.  latus  includes  B.  cristatus  Davaine,  1874.} 

Length  a  little  less  than  four  feet;  found  in  Greenland B.  cordatus. 

(A  larcal  Bothriocephalus  (B.  Mansoni)  is  found  in  subperitoneal  connective  tissue  of 
man . ) 

TAKNIIDAE. 

(4)  Egg  with  thin  outer  shell  and  thick  brown  inner  shell  (embryophore) ;  uterus 

median  and  longitudinal  with  lateral  branches;  head  generally  armed;  larval 
stage  a  Cysticercus,  Coenurns  or  an  Echinococcus  generally  in  herbivora; 

adults  in  carnivorous  or  omnivorous  animals Taeniinae,  5. 

Egg  with  thin  transparent  shells,  and  frequently  in  egg  capsules;  in  some  cases 
scattered  through  the  segment;  head  nearly  always  armed  with  booklets  on 
rostellum;  larval  stage  a  cysticercoid;  adults  in  birds  and  mammals. 

Dipylidiinae,  1. 

TAENIINAE. 

(5)  Head  with  armed  rostellum 6. 

Head   unarmed,  rostellum  absent;   strobila  attains  3  to  10  meters  in  length; 

ovary  of  pore  side  undivided;  uterus  with  17  to  30  branches  on  each  side;  the 
most  common  tapeworm  of  man  in  this  country ;  larva  in  cattle. 

Taenia  saginata,  p.  71. 

(6)  Rostellum  with  two  rows  of  hooks,  24  to  32  in  number;  strobila  attains  4  to  8. 

meters  in  length;  ovary  of  pore  side  divided;  uterus  with  7  to  12  branches 
each  side;  comparatively  rare  in  this  country;  larva  in  swine. 

T.  solium,  p.  89. 
Rostellum  (?)J;  strobila  attains  5  meters  in  length;  terminal  proglottids  27  to 

35  mm.  long  by  3.5  to  5  mm.  wide T.  confusa. 

(The  larval  stages  of  T.  solium  and  T.  echinococcus  are  also  found  in  man.) 

1  Ward  describes  the  rostellum  as  having  6  or  7  rows  of  very  small  hooks. 
Through  the  kindness  of  Professor  Ward,  I  have  recently  examined  the  head  and  a 
number  of  segments  of  the  original  material.  This  examination  leads  me  to  look 
upon  the  head  as  a  head  of  Dipylidium  caninum,  which  has  accidentally  been  placed 
in  the  wrong  bottle,  a  possibility  which  had  also  occurred  to  Ward.  Regarding  the 
remarkable  segments,  I  do  not  wish  to  commit  myself  until  I  have  opportunity  to 
study  a  complete  specimen. 


86  INSPECTION    OF    MEATS    FOR    ANIMAL    PARASITES. 

1>IPYLII)IINAE. 

(7)  Suckers  unarmed 8. 

Suckers  armed  (the  suckers  of  the  young  specimens   will  undoubtedly  be  found  to  be 

armed,  although  the  specimens  thus  far  found  in  man  were  unarmed,  the  hooks  prob- 
ably having  fallen),  the  hooks  being  arranged  in  circular  roivs  on  border;  hooks  on 
rostellum  resemble  a  hammer  in  form,  about  90  in  number  and  arranged  in  a  double 
row,  or  rostellum  rudimentary  and  unarmed;  strobila  25  to  SO  cm.  long.  Very 
rare;  not  yet  recorded  for  America.  Larra  probabl'/  in  some  invertebrate. 

JJaraiuea  madagascuriensis. 

(8)  Genital  pores  double;  two  submedian  ovaries  in  each  segment;  several  rows  of 

hooks  on  rostellum;  strobila  attains  15  to  35  crn.jn  length;  gravid  segments 
elliptical.  Adults  found  in  dogs  and  cats;  rare  in  man.  Larva  found  in  lice 
and  fleas  of  dogs  ( Trichodectes  cams  and  Pulex  serraticeps) . .  Dipylidium  caninum. 
Genital  pores  single  and  unilateral  (on  left  of  segment) ;  rostellnm  with  21  to  30 
hooks,  the  dorsal  root  longer  than  prong  or  ventral  root ;  three  testicles  nor- 
mally present  in  each  segment;  eggs  with  three  envelopes Hymenolcpis,  9. 

(9)  Hooks  (24  to  28  in  number,  15  /*  long)  present  on  rostelliim;  body  10  to  15  mm. 

long;  not  uncommon  in  Italy ;  found  also  in  other  parts  of  Europe.  Found  m 
rodents  (rats,  etc.),  as  well  as  man;  larva  develops  in  the  villi  of  the  intes- 
tine    H.  marina. 

(Including  Taenia  naiia.) 

Rostellum  rudimentary  and  unarmed;  20  to  40  cm.  or  more  long;  adult  generally 
parasitic  in  rodents  (rats);  larval  stage  develops  in  certain  insects  (Asopia 
farinalis,  Anisolabis  annnlipes,  Akis  spinosa,  Scaurus  striatus) H.  diminiita. 

(Including  Taenia  Jtaropunctata.) 

If  a  person  is  known  to  have  a  tapeworm,  it  is  of  great  importance, 
both  from  an  economic  (agricultural)  and  a  hygienic  standpoint,  to 
know  whether  one  of  these  two  tapeworms  (T.  saginata,  the  Beef-ineasle 
Tapeworm,  and  T.  solium,  the  Pork-measle  Tapeworm)  is  present,  and 
if  so,  which  one.  This  can  be  determined  in  several  ways: 

(1)  Since  the  Pork-measle  Tapeworm  comes  from  pork,  it  will  not  be 
found  in  persons  who  abstain  from  eating  that  meat,  as  is  usually  the 
case  among  Hebrews.     So  that  if  one  of  these  two  parasites  were  found 
in  such  persons  it  could  be  only  the  Unarmed  Tapeworm. 

(2)  On  the  other  hand,  those  who  eat  pork  but  no  beef  would  not  be 
infested  with  the  Unarmed  Tapeworm,  but  we  would  expect  to  find  in 
them  the  Pork-measle  (armed)  Tapeworm. 

These  two  modes  of  diagnosis  do  not  hold  in  all  cases,  for,  as  already 
stated,  man  is  subject  to  ten  different  species  of  tapeworms.  Most  of 
the  remaining  eight  species  are,  however,  so  totally  different  from  the 
two  under  consideration  that  a  positive  diagnosis  can  be  made  by  com- 
paring the  worms  with  figs.  73  and  81,  and  with  the  key  given  above. 

(3)  When  segments  of  the  parasite  break  off  and  wander  out  of  their 
own  accord  or  with  stools  of  the  person  affected,  it  should  be  noticed 
whether  several  segments  are  joined  together  or  whether  every  portion 
consists  of  a  single  segment.     In  the  former  case,  the  parasite  is  gen- 
erally the  armed  parasite,  in  the  latter  case  generally  the  unarmed 
parasite. 

(4)  Take  a  segment  of  the  parasite  found  in  the  stool  or  bed,  press 
it  between  two  pieces  of  glass  and  hold  it  up  to  the  light.     Comparing 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWOEMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.   87 

it  with  figs.  73  and  81,  notice  whether  the  uterus  has  17  to  30 'branches 
on  each  side  of  the  main  trunk  (Unarmed  Tapeworm)  or  from  7  to  10 
branches  each  side  (Armed  Tapeworm). 

(5)  In  case  the  head  is  found,  notice  whether  hooks  are  absent 
(unarmed)  or  whether  two  rows  of  hooks  are  present  (armed). 

The  necessity  of  knowing  which  parasite  is  present  is,  first,  that  the 
Armed  Tapeworm  injures  man,  not  only  because  it  inhabits  his  intes- 
tine, but  also  because  the  larval  stage  may  develop  in  the  muscles,  eye, 
and  other  portions  of  the  body,  and  a  man  who  has  the  Armed  Tapeworm 
stands  in  constant  danger  of  infecting  himself  with  these  larvae.  The 
.Unarmed  Tapeworm,  on  the  other  hand,  develops  only  in  the  intestine, 
its  larval  form  being  unable  to  develop  in  man. 

In  the  second  place,  it  is  important  to  know  which  tapeworm  is  pres- 
ent in  a  person,  especially  in  a  farm  hand,  for  if  he  has  the  unarmed 
form  there  is  constant  danger  of  his  infecting  the  cattle  by  passing  his 
excrements  in  fields  where  cattle  feed;  if  he  carries  the  Armed  Tape- 
worm he  will  infect  the  hogs,  should  he  void  his  excrements  in  a  place 
to  which  swine  have  access. 

Symptoms. — The  symptoms  exhibited  by  a  patient  troubled  with  tape- 
worms are  both  general  and  local:  Itching  at  the  extremities  of  the 
intestinal  canal,  and  various  dyspeptic  symptoms;  uncomfortable  sen- 
sations in  the  abdomen,1  uneasiness,  fullness  or  emptiness,  sensation  of 
movement  attributed  to  the  movements  of  the  parasite,  colicky  pains; 
disordered  appetite,  at  times  deficient,  at  other  times  craving;  paleness 
and  discoloration  around  the  eyes;  fetid  breath;  sometimes  emaciation; 
dull  headache;  buzzing  in  the  ears;  twitching  of  the  face;  dizziness; 
often  the  uncomfortable  feelings  in  the  intestine  are  increased  by  fast- 
ing and  relieved  after  a  hearty  meal;  fainting,  chorea,  epileptic  fits. 

Diagnosis. — A  positive  diagnosis  can  be  made  by  finding  the  segments 
of  tapeworms  in  the  stools,  bed,  or  clothes  of  the  patient,  or  by  a  micro- 
scopic examination  of  the  faeces  in  search  of  eggs. 

Treatment. — It  is  always  advisable  to  consult  a  physician  in  regard 
to  treatment,  especially  when  the  patient  is  much  run  down  in  health 
or  naturally  delicate  in  constitution,  since  "in  weak  persons,  such  as 
those  having  consumption,  the  treatment,  if  admissible  at  all,  must 
be  conducted  with  the  greatest  care,  lest  the  patient's  strength  be 
exhausted"  (Pepper).  It  is  not  always  possible,  however,  for  men  on 
the  ranches  to  obtain  the  services  of  a  physician,  so  the  following  hints 
are  given  in  regard  to  treatment  and  may  be  followed  without  danger 
by  a  strong  and  healthy  person  of  ordinary  intelligence: 

Before  taking  any  of  the  medicines  suggested  below,  it  is  necessary 
to  prepare  for  the  treatment  by  removing  all  obstructions  in  the  intes- 
tine to  the  free  exit  of  the  parasite.  This  can  best  be  done  by  living 

'The  most  constant  symptom  which  I  observed  in  an  experimental  infection  of 
myself  with  T.  sayinata  was  the  sensation  which  one  experiences  in  the  rapid  descent 
of  an  elevator.  This  peculiar  feeling  frequently  occurred,  especially  when  walking. 


88  INSPECTION    OF    MEATS    FOR    ANIMAL    PARASITES. 

for  two  or  three  days  on  a  light  diet  of  milk,  coffee,  soup,  and  bread; 
but  vegetables  should  not  be  taken.  On  the  evening  before  taking  the 
medicine  it  is  also  advisable  to  give  the  patient  a  thorough  injection  of 
1  to  2  quarts  of  warm  water,  to  which  1  to  2  tablespoonfuls  of  pure 
glycerin  may  be  added. 
Early  the  next  morning  one  of  the  following  doses  may  be  taken: 

(1)  Take  1  to  2  ounces  of  oil  of  turpentine  -f-  1  ounce  of  castor  oil,  mixed  with  the 
white  of  an  egg  and  some  sugar.     Take  the  \vhole  dose  at  one  time,  and  if  a  move- 
ment of  the  bowels  does  not  follow  within  two  or  three  hours,  take  another  dose  of 
castor  oil  (1  ounce)  (Leidy,  1885). 

Objection  has  been  raised  by  some  practitioners  to  the  use  of  oil  of  turpentine 
on  the  ground  that  it  causes  an  intense  burning  sensation  in  the  intestine  and  pro- 
duces headaches  which  may  last  several  days. 

(2)  The  most  generally  useful  remedy  is  the  oleo-resin  of  male  fern, l  which  is  in 
reality  an  ethereal  extract  of  the  drug.     A  half  drachm  or  drachm  of  the  remedy  is 
given  in  tjie  morning  after  two  days'  restriction  of  diet,  and  in  the  evening  a  brisk 
cathartic,  such  as  castor  oil,  should  be  administered.     Sometimes  calomel  is  given  in 
combination  with  the  oleo-resin.     The  patient  should  remain  abed  after  the  admin- 
istration of  the  remedy,  to  avoid  syncope  and  other  effects  of  large  doses  of  the  drug 
(Pepper,  1894).     In  overdose,  this  medicine  is  a  distinct  poison;  six  drachms  have 
caused  death. 

(3)  One  or  two  ounces  of  pumpkin  seeds  ground  and  made  into  a  paste  with  sugar. 
Follow  in  an  hour  with  a  dose  of  castor  oil.    This  is  one  of  the  best,  cheapest,  and 
safest  tapeworm  remedies. 

(4)  Tanret's  Pelletierine  is  very  highly  recommended  but  is  rather  expensive  ($2.50 
per  dose)  and  often  difficult  to  procure  fresh  in  this  country.     In  case  this  is  taken 
the  instructions  which  come  with  the  bottle  (one  dose)  must  be  strictly  carried  out. 

Many  other  remedies  could  be  suggested,  but  those  given  above  are  among  the 
most  simple  and  will  suffice  for  this  report. 

Whatever  anthelmintic  is  used,  the  medicine  should  be  procured  as 
fresh  as  possible.  Many  failures  in  treating  for  parasites  are  due  to 
the  fact  that  the  remedy  used  has  lost  its  anthelmintic  property. 

When  the  parasite  is  being  passed  the  patient  should  evacuate  into 
a  vessel  containing  warm  water,  the  object  of  this  being  to  prevent  the 
worm  from  breaking  or  attempting  to  retain  its  hold  in  the  intestine 
in  case  it  is  still  alive,  a.s  it  will  frequently  do  if  it  comes  in  contact 
with  any  cold  object.  The  patient  should  likewise  avoid  pulling  the 
worm  while  it  is  being  expelled,  for  he  is  thus  liable  to  break  it. 

When  the  movement  is  completed  the  stool  should  be  examined  thor- 
oughly for  the  head,  for  if  this  has  remained  in  the  intestine  it  will 
give  rise  to  new  segments  again,  and  in  about  three  or  four  months  the 
patient  will  discover  that  he  is  still  infected.  If  the  head  is  not  found 
upon  examination  of  the  stool,  it  is  best  not  to  repeat  the  treatment  until 
the  segments  have  again  appeared,  for,  as  the  head  is  quite  small,  it 
may  have  escaped  notice,  although  present  in  the  stool,  and  in  that  case 
the  second  treatment  would  be  useless. 

Prevention. — After  what  has  been  said,  it  is  exceedingly  easy  to  see 

'Male  fern  and  kamala  capsules  are  put  up  ready  for  use.  Directions  come  with 
each  box. 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.   89 

the  measures  which  should  be  adopted  to  prevent  this  disease:  (1)  Per- 
sons should  not  eat  meat  in  which  fresh  cysticerci  are  present;  (2)  meat 
in  which  only  a  few  cysts  have  been  found,  but  have  been  cut  out, 
should  be  thoroughly  cooked  or  salted  before  eating,  or,  (3)  such  beef 
should  lie  in  cold  storage  for  three  weeks  at  least;  (4)  cattle  and 
hogs  should  not  have  access  to  human  excrements,  especially  when  it  is 
known  that  persons  in  the  neighborhood  have  tapeworms;  (5)  persons 
should  not  void  their  excrements  on  fields  where  live  stock  is  feeding. 

By  following  out  these  simple  instructions  it  will  not  be  a  difficult  task 
to  totally  eradicate  the  tapeworm  disease  caused  by  T.  saginata  and  T. 
solium  in  man,  and  the  corresponding  disease  of  "measles"  caused  by 
the  larvae  of  these  worms  in  cattle  and  hogs.  In  fact,  it  has  been 
noticed  in  several  parts  of  Europe,  where  meat  is  inspected,  that  certain 
tapeworms  are  gradually  becoming  rarer,  owing  to  the  condemnation  of 
meat  containing  the  cysts. 

20.  Pork  Measles  (Cysticercus  cellulosae)  of  Man  and  Swine,  and  its  adult  stage, 
The  Armed,  or  Pork  Measle,  Tapeworm  (Taenia  solium)  of  Man. 

[Figs.  75-83.] 

Many  authors  state  that  the  Pork-measle  Tapeworm  is  the  common 
tapeworm  of  man  for  the  United  States,  but  a  careful  study  of  the  sub- 
ject has  shown  this  view  to  be  erroneous. 

LARVA  (Cysticercus  cellulosae). 

For  anatomical  characters,  compare  figs.  75  and  76  with  key,  p.  21. 

.SYNONYMY. — Finna  Werner,  1786 ;  Taenia  hydatigera  Fischer,  1788 ;  T.  cellulosae  Gme- 
liu,  1790;  T.  finna  Gmelin,  1790;  Yesicaria  hygroma  humana  Schrank,  (-?-);  V.  finna 
suilla  Schrank,  (-?-) ;  V.  lobala  suilla  Fabricius,  (-?-) ;  Hydatis  finna  (Werner)  Blu- 
menbach,  (-?-);  H.  humana  Blumenbach,  (-?-);  Taenia  muscularis  Jordens,  1802 ;  T. 
hydatigena  anomala  Steinbuch,  (1802);  Cysticerciis  finna  (Gmeliu)  Zeder,  1803;  C. 
cellulosae  (Gmelin)  Rudolphi,  1808;  C.finnus  (Gmelin)  Laennec,  1812;  C.  solium  Koe- 
berle",  1861;  C.  suis  Cobbold,  1869;  Neotaenia  Sodero,  (1886) ;  C.cellulosus  of  several 
authors;  " Cysticerkus"  cellulosae  of  Schneideiniihl,  1896. 

ANOMALIES. — The  names  proposed  by  various  authors  for  these  supposed  distinct 
species  found  in  man,  especially  in  the  cranial  cavity,  are  more  or  less  descriptive. 
Hydatis  piriformis  Fischer,  1789  (=Taenia pyriformis  (Fischer)  Treutler,  1793— Cfys/icer- 
cus  pyriformis  (Treutler)  Zeder,  1803  =  C.  Fischerianus  Laennec,  1812) ;  Taenia 
albopunctaia  Treutler,  1793  (=  C.  albopunctatus  (Treutler)  Zeder,  1803=  "T.  albo- 
punctata  hominis  Treutler"  of  Cobbold,  1864);  Cysticercus  dicystus  Laennec,  1812;  C. 
acanthotrias  Weinland,  1858;  C.  turbinatus  Koeberle,  1861;  C.  meZawocepTiafasKoeberle", 
1861;  C.  racemosus  Heller,  1875  (—C.  bothryoides  Heller,  1875  [nee  Eeinitz,  1885] 
=  C.  multilocularis  Kuchenmeister,  (-?-) ;  Trachelocampylus  Davaine,  1880  (for  Trach- 
elocampules  Fredault,  1847). 

HOSTS. — Man,  swine,  wild  boar,  and  other  animals.     (See  pp.  137-143.) 

ADULT  (Taenia  solium  Linnaeus,  1758). 
For  anatomical  characters,  compare  figs.  77-81  with  key,  p.  84. 

SYNONYMY. — Taenia  solium  Linnaeus,  1758  (after  elimination  of  T.  saginata  and 
T.  marginata) ;  T.  cucurbitina  Pallas,  1766  (=  T.  solium  Linnaeus,  renamed) ;  T.  cucur- 
bitina  Art  [=var.]  pellucida  Goeze,  1782;  T.  cucurbitina,  plana,  pellucida  Goeze, 


90 


INSPECTION    OF    MEATS    FOR    ANIMAL    PARASITES. 


1782;  T.  solitaria  Leske,  (1785),  pro  parte;  Hal y sis  solium  (Linnaeus)  Zeder,  1803; 
Taenia  humana  armata  Rudolphi,  1810,  pro  parte  (— Brera's,  1802,  Tenia  armaia 
umana) ;  T.  solium  Linnaeus  of  Kiichenineister,  1852;  T.  hamolociilata  Kiichenmeister, 
1855  (possibly  earlier; ;  T.  titrbinata  Koeberl6, 1861 ;  T.  (Cystotaenia)  solium  of  Leuck- 
art,  1863;  T.  tenella  Cobbold,  1874  [nee  Pallas,  1781];  (?)  T. 
solium  var.  minor  Guzzardi  Asiuendo,  1876;  T.  officinalis  Bos, 
1894. 

ANOMALIES. — (?)  "  Taenia  Bulgaria"  Werner,  1782  [uec  Lin- 
naens,  1758]  =  T.  dentata  Batsch,  1786 ;  ( ?)  T.  fenestrata  Chiaje, 
1833;  T.  (Cysticercus^acanthotriasof  Leuckart,  1863;  (?)  T. fen- 
estrata Colin,  1885;  T.  solium  fenestrata  Colin,  1876;  (?)  T. 
fiisa,  T.  continua,  T.  solium  fusa  sen  continua  Colin,  1876; 
(?)  T.  scalariforme  Notta,  1885  (=  T.  fenestrata  Colin,  re- 
named) =  T.  solium  scalariforme  Notta,  1885. 

PRE-LINNAEAN  NAME. — ( ? )  Taenia  degener  Spigelius,  1618. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. — For  bibliography,  see  Huber,  1892.  For 
technical  discussion,  see  Leuckart  (1880,  pp.  617-713) ;  R. 
Blanchard  (1886,  pp.  382-418). 

HOST. — Man.  It  is  an  error  for  the  Minnesota  State  board 
and  the  North  Carolina  Station  to  record  it  in  dogs. 


FIG.  75.— A  piece  of  pork 
heavily  infested  with 
pork  measles  (Cysticer- 
cus  cellulosae),  natural 
size  (original). 


Life  history. — The  life  cycle  of  the  Pork  Bladder 
Worm  is  exactly  the  same  as  that 
of  the  Beef  Bladder  Worm  (see 
p.  72),  except  that  the  hog  is  the  intermediate  host. 
The  following  observations  regarding  the  larval 
parasite  at  different  ages  have  been  made  by  various 
authors: 

Nine  days  after  infection. — An  oval  vesicle  33  fJ.  kong  by  24  // 
broad;  connective  tissue  cyst  absent.  (Mosler.) 

Twenty  days  after  infection. — Parasite  consists  of  a  delicate, 
transparent  bladder  worm  about  as  large  as  the  head  of  a  pin. 
The  anlage  (primordium)  of  the  head  is  represented  by  a  small, 
indistinct  point ;  surrounding  cyst  absent.  (Gerlach.) 

Twenty-one  days  after  infec- 
tion.— Spherical,  0.8  mm.  in 
diameter;  slightly  attenuate 
toward  the  point,  showing 
the  aiilage  (primordium)  of 
the  head.  (Leuckart.) 

TMrty-two  days  after  infec- 
tion.— Ellipsoid,  1  mm.  to  6 
mm.  long  by  0.7  turn,  to  2.5 
mm.  broad.  The  largest 
specimens  show  the  excretory 
system;  the  anlage  (primor- 
dium) of  the  head  equatorial ; 
connective  tissue  cyst  very 
thin. 

Forty  days  after  infection. — 
Surrounding  cyst  still  very 

delicate;  about  as  large  as  a  mustard  seed,  or  somewhat  larger;  head  very  evident, 
suckers  and  hooks  visible,  but  not  complete.     (Gerlach.) 

Sixty  days  after  infection. — Size  of  a  pea  or  slightly  larger.  When  freed  from  the 
connective  tissue,  cyst  somewhat  renal  in  form ;  head  as  a  small,  white  knob,  but 
without  neck;  hooks  and  suckers  fully  developed.  (Gerlach.) 


FIG: 76.-  An  isolated  Pork-measle  Bladder  "\Vorm  (Cyslicercus 
cellulosae),  with  extended  head,  greatly  enlarged  (original). 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.   91 

One  hundred  and  ten  days  after  infection. — Neck  developed;  transverse  lines  slightly 
visible;    bead  is  invaginated  in  tbe 
bladder.     (Gerlacb.) 

Tbe  determination  of  the  age 
of  tbe  parasite  is  of  importance 
in  case  that  there  is  a  guaran- 
ty of  freedom  from  infection. 
According  to  Rasmussen  the 
periods  of  guaranty  are:  In 
Prussia,  Bavaria,  and  Austria, 
8  days;  in  certain  other  parts 
of  Europe,  9,  15,  and  21  days; 
in  Baden  and  Wiirteuiburg,  28 
days,  and  in  Saxony,  30  days. 

It  is  generally  estimated  that 
three  to  four  months  are  re- 
quired for  the  parasite  to  com- 
plete its  development,  but  as 
the  hooks  and  suckers  are 
formed  after  two  and  a  half 
mouths  it  is  not  impossible 
that  a  parasite  ten  to  eleven 
weeks  old  would  develop  into 
the  adult  tapeworm  if  eaten 
by  man ;  although,  according  to 
Gerlacb,  pork  measles  less  than 
two  months  old  are  not  dan- 
gerous. The  longevity  of  the 
bladder  worm  varies  with  cir- 
cumstances, but  the  factors  here 
concerned  are  not  understood. 
According  to  Railliet,  cases 
have  been  observed  in  man 
where  the  bladder  worm  has 
caused  severe  cerebral  troubles 
for  twelve  to  fifteen  years,  and  it 
has  been  observed  in  the  eye  for 
twenty  years.  Tbe  worms  may 
undergo  calcareous  degenera- 
tion very  early,  but  as  a  rule 
this  does  not  take  place  until 
tbe  cyst  is  quite  old. 

Tbe  degeneration  begins  with 
the  capsule  and  ends  with  tbe 
scolex,  and,  according  to  Morot, 

may  be  divided  into  four  Stages,    FIG.  77 — Several  portions  of  an  adult  Pork-measle  Tape 
follows  •  worm  (Taenia  soliiim),  natural  size  (original). 


First  stage. —  The  capsule  shows  cheesy,  opaque  spots,  but  tbe  fluid  is  clear,  and 
the  scolex  is  intact. 


92 


INSPECTION    OF    MEATS    FOR    ANIMAL    PARASITES. 


FIG.  78. — Large  (a)  and  small  (b)  hooks  of  Pork-measly 
Tapeworm  (Taenia  golium),  X280.  (After  Leuckart, 
1880,  p.  661,  fig.  293.) 


Second  stayc. — Both  the  connective  tissue  capsule  and  the  bladder  cyst  become 
cheesy;     hooka     are    present,    but 
the  suckers   more    or    less   degen- 
erated. 

Third  stage. — Hooks  are  pres- 
ent, but  not  in  definite  order  or 
number. 

Fourth  stage. — No  traces  of  the 
hooks  can  be  found  in  the  para- 
site, which  is  reduced  to  a  cheesy 
mass. 

Ostertag  states  that  degeneration 
may   take  place   before  the  hooks 
have  formed.     Ostertag  has  also  shown  that  the  hooks  become  loose,  upon  expres- 
sion of  the  scolex,  only  in  dead  bladder  worms. 

PORK  MEASLES. 


The  disease  in  hoy*. — The  symp- 
toms in  hogs  are  very  indefinite, 
but  a  diagnosis  may  sometimes  be 
made  by  examining  the  visible 
mucous  membranes  of  the  mouth, 
particularly  under  the  tongue.  See 
also  the  same  subject  for  cattle, 
p.  77. 

A  heavy  infection  of  measles  is 
more  common  in  hogs  than  in  cat- 


FIG.  79. — Mature  sexual  segments  of  Pork-measle 
Tapeworm  (Taenia  solium),  showing  the  di- 


gp, 'genital  pore;  n,  nerve;  ov,  ovary;  t,  testi- 
cles ;  to,  transverse  canal ;  ut,  uterus ;  v,  vagina ; 
vc,  ventral  canal ;  vd,  vas  deferens ;  vg,  vitello- 
gene  gland.  XlO.  (After  Leuckart,  1880,  p. 
665,  fig.  294.) 


vided  ovary  on  the  pore  side:  cp,  cirrus  pouch ;      tie — a   fact  easily  Understood  when 

we  recall  the  feeding  habits  of  the 
two  animals,  the  comparative  size  of 
^gjj.  bodies,  and  of  their  stomachs. 
From  1884  to  1887,  of  5,610  measly 
hogs  found  at  the  Berlin  (Prussia)  abattoir,  2,167  were  heavily  in- 
fested, 1,641  had  medium  infections,  and  1,802  were  slightly  infested. 
Treatment. — See  page  77. 

ABATTOIR  INSPECTION. 

See  discussion,  page  77.  As  the  Armed  Tape- 
worm is  more  dangerous  to  man  than  the  un- 
armed form,  the  abattoir  inspection  for  Cysticercus 
cellulosaeis  more  important  from  a  hygienic  stand- 
point than  the  inspection  for  C.  bovis. 

Position  of  the  parasites  in  hogs. — The  Pork- 
measle  Bladder  Worm  is  found  in  the  muscles, 
especially  in  the  abdominal  muscles,  the  muscular 
portion  of  the  diaphragm,  the  psoas,  tongue, 
heart,  the  muscles  of  mastication,  intercostals, 
muscles  of  the  neck,  the  adductor  of  the  hind  legs,  and  the  pectorals. 
These  parts  are  shown  by  fig.  83.  Particular  stress  should  be  laid 


FIG.  80.— Segment  of  Pork- 
measle  Tapeworm  (Thcnia 
solium)  in  which  the  uterus 
is  ahont  half  developed. 
X  2.  (A f ter Leuckart,  1880, 
p.  666,  fig.  295.) 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.       93 


upon  an  examination  of  the  tongue  and  muscles  of  mastication,  the 
muscles  of  the  shoulder,  neck,  and  diaphragm. 

The  parasite  of  hogs  which  is  most  liable  to  be  mistaken  for  C.  cellu- 
losae is  the  large  bladder  worm  with  a  long  neck  (C.  tenuicollis,  p.  06). 
The  latter  form,  which  is  not  transmissible  to  man,  occurs  under  the 
serous  membranes  of  the  body  cavities,  but  is  not  found  in  the  muscles; 
it  is  much  larger,  and  is  provided  with  more  hooks  (28  to  40)  than 
C.  cellulosae  (22  to  28). 

Frequency  of  Cysticercus  cellulosae  in  liogs. — Satisfactory  statistics 
regarding  the  presence  of  this  parasite  in  American  hogs  are  lacking; 
we  know,  however,  the  American  hogs  are  comparatively  free  from  this 
worm.  The  statistics  for  Prussia  are  quite  complete,  the  proportion  of 
infested  hogs  being  as  follows: 

1876  to  1882. — One  hog  infested  in  every  305  hogs  examined.    (Johne,  after  Ostertag.) 
1886  to  1893. — One  hog  infested  in  every  637.5  hogs  examined. ' 

The  proportion  of  measly  hogs  appears  to  vary  in  different  localities. 
Thus  at  the  Berlin  abattoir  the  average  for  ?even  years  was  1  infested 
hog  to  every  173  hogs  examined  (Ostertag).  In  south  Germany  the 
parasite  is  said  to  be  rare.  It  is  much  more  common  in  the  eastern 
Prussian  provinces  than  in  the  western,  as  shown  by  Ostertag  in  the 
following  statistics  for  1892: 


Regierungsbezirk. 

Propor- 
tion. 

Regierungsbezirk. 

Propor- 
tion. 

1-28 

1:865 

1  -80 

1:975 

1:108 

Diisseldorf  

1  :  1070 

|      1  :  187 

>      1:19DO 

\ 

Entire  Prussia  

1  :  1290 

Frankfurt         

>     1:250 

Eastern  provinces  

1:604 

The  hogs  imported  into  Germany  from  Russian  Poland,  Galicia, 
Bohemia,  and  Siberia  were  infested  in  much  higher  proportion  than  the 
German  hogs ;  in  some  of  the  importations  the  proportion  ran  as  high 
as  50  per  cent  (Ostertag). 

1  The  totals  of  the  following  table  do  not  agree  with  the  totals  published  in  Ger- 
many, but  are  made  upon  the  details  given  for  the  various  years.  Several  errors  in 
addition  were  noticed  in  the  German  statistics. 


Year. 

Hogs 
inspected. 

Hogs  in- 
fested 
with  C. 
cellulosae. 

Authority. 

1886  

4,  834,  898$ 
5,486,4164 
6,  051,  249J 
5,  500,  678J 
5,590,512 
6,550,182 
6,  134,  559 
6,251,776 

10,  126 
11,068 
10,  031 
8,373 
5,492 
7,689 
9,364 
10,  640 

1  Veroff.  d.  kais.  Gesuridheits- 
(    amtes,  1891,  p.  244. 

1  Veroff.  d.  kais.  Gesundheits- 
j     amtes,  1894,  p.  208. 

Veroff.  d.  kais.  Gesundheits- 
amtes,  1895,  p.  347. 

1887  

1888  

1889  

1890  

1891  

1892  

1893  

Total  

46,  400,  272 

72,  783 

94 


INSPECTION    OF    MEATS    FOR    ANIMAL    PARASITES. 


Influence  of  the  age  of  the  host.  —  According  to  Gerlach  hogs  over  six 
months  old  will  not  become  infested  with  this  parasite,  but  this  is  not 
admitted  by  Fischoder. 

Disposition  of  measly  porJc.  —  See  disposition  of  measly  beef,  p.  81. 
Since  Taenia  solium  is  more  dangerous  than  T.  saginata,  the  regulations 
concerning  the  disposition  of  measly  pork  should  be  even  more  rigid 
,  than  those  concerning 

V  _  —  —  —  .  -  **     III    \    measly  beef.    1  orkof 

this  character  can  of 
course  be  sold  under 
declaration,  but  even 
this  is  not  advisable 
unless  the  meat  is 
first  rendered  non-in- 
fectious. Cases  of 
so-called  "  single  in- 
fection"1 should  be 
treated  the  same  as 
cases  of  moderate  in- 
fection. I  n  very 
heavy  infections  (up 
to  20,000  bladder 

FIG.  81.—  Gravid  segment  of  Pork  -measle  Tapeworm  (Taenia  solium)  ,      WOrmS    may    OCCUr  ill 
showing  the  lateral  branches  of  the  uterus,  enlarged  (original).  ei'r,o-lo 

di    OlllglcJ 


pork  is  watery  and  pale;  it  decomposes  easily,  and  has  a  disagreeably 
sweet  taste.    Such  cases  should,  of  course,  be  condemned  to  the  tank. 

Cooking.  —  According  to  Perroncito,  C.  cellulosae  dies  at  45°  to  50°  C. 
(=  113°  to  1220  F.).     (gee  also  p.  81.)     It  dies  in  1  minute  at  50°  C. 

Storage.  —  Living  specimens  of  C.  cellulosae  have  been  found  in  pork 
twenty-nine  days  after  slaughtering  (Eail- 
liet).  After  fourteen  to  nineteen  days  of 
cold  storage  at  —10°  to  —15°  C.  the  para- 
sites are  said  to  be  dead;  the  protoplasm 
has  become  viscid,  bluish  opaque,  and  the 
books  have  fallen.  More  observations  are 
needed  upon  this  subject. 

Effects  of  electricity.  —  Glage  has  experi- 
mented some  with  electricity  in  order  to 
kill  the  parasite  of  pork  measles,  but 
further  study  in  this  line  is  desirable  before  the  method  is  adopted. 


FIG.  82.— Egga  of  Pork-measle  Tape- 
worm (Taenia  solium) :  a,  with 
primitive  vitelline  membrane;  b, 
without  primitive  vitelline  mem- 
brane, but  with  striated  embryo- 
phore.  X450.  (After  Leuckart, 
1880,  p.  667,  fig.  297.) 


THE  ADULT  AND  LARVAL  TAPEWORM  IN  MAN. 

See  discussion,  page  83.  It  should  always  be  recalled  that  the  Armed 
Tapeworm  is  more  dangerous  than  the  Unarmed  Tapeworm,  since,  as 
already  stated,  the  larva  as  well  as  the  adult  may  develop  in  man. 

1  During  the  year  1889-90  Berlin,  Prussia,  found  373  cases  of  alleged  single  infec- 
tion ;  of  these,  56  cases  were  afterward  shown  to  contain  more  than  one  parasite. 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.       95 

Treatment. — See  page  87. 

C ysticercus  cellulosae  in  man. — This  infection  may  take  place  in  differ- 
ent ways;  a  patient  may  either  soil  his  hands  with  the  microscopic  ^ggs 
during  defaecation  and  afterward  swallow  the  eggs;  or,  through  a 
reverse  peristaltic  movement  of  the  intestine,  gravid  segments  may  be 
carried  into  the  stomach,  where  the  shells  will  be  destroyed,  thus  free- 
ing the  embryos.  An  infection  through  a  contaminated  water  supply 
may  also  take  place.  (See  Life  history,  p.  90.)  In  man  the  bladder 
worm  may  develop  in  the  muscles,  the  eye,  and  the  brain. 

The  following  statistics  upon  the  distribution  of  the  worm  in  various 
parts  of  the  body  have  been  compiled  from  different  sources : 


Locality. 

Parasite  found  in  — 

Total 
number 
of  cases. 

Authority. 

Brain. 

Muscles. 

Heart. 

Lungs. 

Under 
skin. 

Liver. 

Dresden  

}    » 

72 
11 

6 

5 

{     li 

13 
6 
1 

}     » 

6 

/           22 

\           I* 

87 
21 
6 
5 

JMuller. 

Dressel. 
Haug  (1874-1885). 
Gribbohm. 
Sievers. 

Erlangen  

3 

3 
2 

2 

(?) 

(1\ 

Total  

117 

32 

9 

3 

5 

2 

155 

The  following  statistics  refer  to  the  presence  of  this  parasite  in  the 
eve: 


Locality. 

Total  num- 
ber of 
patients  or 
bodies. 

C.  cellu- 
losae  in 
the  eye. 

Authority. 

(        80,000 

80 

von  Grafe. 

?        30,  000 

1 

Hirschberg  (1886-1889). 

France  

1        43,  000 
60,  000 

1 

30,000 

7 

Mauthner  j"arasl*e  ln  crystaum  lens. 

According  to  Virchow,  the  proportion  of  cysticercus  in  the  human 
cadavers  dissected  in  Berlin  has  been  reduced  from  1:31  (before  the 
introduction  of  meat  inspection)  to  1:280  (since  the  introduction  of 
meat  inspection). 

The  following  statistics,  collected  from  various  sources  by  Blanchard, 
refer  to  post-mortem  examinations : 


Locality. 

Number 
of  post- 
mortems. 

Number 
infected. 

Proportion 
infected. 

Switzerland  : 

2,500 

1 

Per  1,000. 
2.5 

Basel                                                                                            

1,100 

0 

.0 

1,914 

6 

1.13 

Germany  : 
jjiel                                                                    

G 

6.7 

n      i 

11.3 

~R    r 

16.4 

r    r 

12.5 

Prevention. — See  page  88. 


96 


INSPECTION    OF    MEATS    FOR   ANIMAL    PARASITES. 


21.  The  Thin,  or  Long,  Necked  Bladder  Worm  (Cysticercus  tenuicoUis)  of  Cattle, 
Sheep,  and  Swine,  and  its  adult  stage,  The  Marginate  Tape-worm  (Taenia 
marginata)  of  Dogs  and  Wolves. 

[Figs.  84-87A,  88, 89B,  90-93.] 

Still  another  bladder  worm,  which  is  by  no  means  uncommon  in  the 

animals  of  this  country,  occurs  in  the 
body  cavity  of  cattle,  sheep,  swine,  and 
other  animals,  attached  to  the  dia- 
phragm, omen  turn,  liver,  or  other  organs. 
When  eaten  by  dogs  or  wolves,  it  de- 
velops into  the  Marginate  Tapeworm, 
which  was  formerly  confused  with  T. 
solium  of  man,  and  gave  rise  to  the  er- 
roneous idea  that  the  Pork-measle  Tape- 
worm occurs  in  dogs  as  well  as  in  man. 

LARVAL  STACK  (Cytticercus  tcnnicollis). 

For  anatomical  characters,  compare 
fig.  84  with  key,  p.  21. 

SYNONYMY. — Taenia  hydatoidea  Pallas,  1760; 
T.  hydatigcna  Pallas,  1766,  pro  parte;  Hydra 
hydatula  Linnaeus,  (1766);  Vermis  resicularis 
eremita  Bloch,  1782 ;  Hydatigena  orbicularis  Goeze, 
1782 ;  H.  globoaa  Batsch,  1786 ;  H.  oblonga  Batsch, 
1786;  Feaicaria  orbicularis  Schrank,  1788;  Taenia 
simiae  Gmelin,  1790;  T.  ferarum  Gmelin,  1790; 
T.  caprina  Gmelin,  1790;  T.  ovilla  Gmelin,  1790; 
T.  rerrecina  Gmelin,  1790;  T.  bovina  Gmeliu, 
1790;  T.  apri  Gmelin,  1790;  T.  (jlobosa  (Batsch) 
Gmelin,  1790;  Hydatula  solitaria  Yiborg,  (1795); 
Cyslicercus  claratus  Zeder,  1803 ;  C.  simiae  (Gmelin) 
Zeder,  1803;  C,  caprinns  (Gmelin)  Zeder,  1803; 
C.  tenuicoUis  Rudolphi,  1810;  C.  risceralis  simiae 
Rudolphi,  1810  (T.  sirniae  Gmelin,  renamed);  C. 
lineatus  Laennec,  1812;  C.  oris  Cobbold,  1865; 
Monostomum  licpalicum  SHI*  Willach,  1893;  "  Cys- 
ticerkus"  tenuicoUis  of  Schneidemiibl,  1896. 

PRE-LINNAEAN  NAMES. — Hydatides  Bartholini, 
1673;     Verities  vesiculares  Hartmann  (1685),  quoted  by  Pallas  as   Hydatis  animata; 
Lumbricus  hydropicm,  Tyson,  1691. 
HOSTS. — Cattle,  sheep,  swine,  deer,  and  other  animals.     (See  pp.  137-143.) 

ADULT  STAGE  (Taenia  marginata  Batsch,  1782). 
For  anatomical  characters,  compare  figs.  85-89  with  key,  p.  101. 

SYNONYMY. — See  also  pp.  89-90.  Taenia  solium  Linnaeus,  1758,  pro  parte ;  T.  cateni- 
formis  Goeze,  1782,  pro  parte;  T.  marginata  Batsch,  1782;  T.  lupina  Schrank,  (1788); 
T.  cateniformis  /3.  lupi  Gmelin,  1790;  Halysis  marginata  (Batsch)  Zeder,  1803;  also 
"T.  solium"  of  dogs,  of  several  medical  authors. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. — For  technical  discussion,  see  Deff  ke,  1891. 

HOSTS.— Dog  and  wolf.     (See  pp.  137-143.) 


Fio.  83. — Half  of  hog,  showing  the  por- 
tions most  likely  to  become  infested 
with  pork  measles.  (After  Ostertag, 
1895,  p.  387,  fig.  79.)  See  p.  92. 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.       97 


FIG.  84.— The  Thin-necked 
Bladder  "Worm  (Cysticer- 
cua  tenuicollis),  with  head 
extruded  from  body,  from 
cavity  of  a  steer,  natural 
size  (original). 


Life  history. — In  tracing  the  life  history  it  is  best  to  begin  with  the 
egg,  produced  by  the 
adult  tapeworm  in  the 
intestine  of  dogs.  These 
eggs,  containing  a  six- 
hooked  embryo,  escape 
from  the  dog  with  the 
excrements  and  are  scat- 
tered on  the  ground, 
either  singly  or  confined 
in  the  escaping  seg- 
ments of  the  tapeworm. 
Once  upon  the  ground 
they  are  easily  washed 
along  by  rain  into  the 
drinking  water,  ponds,  or  brooks,  or  scat- 
tered on  the  grass.  Upon  being  swallowed 
with  fodder  or  water,  they  arrive  in  the 
stomach  of  the  intermediate  host  (cattle, 
sheep,  etc.),  where  the  eggshells  are  de- 
stroyed and  the  embryos  set  free.  The  em- 
bryos then  traverse  the  intestinal  wall,  and 
according  to  most  authors  arrive  either  act- 
ively, by  crawling,  or  passively,  by  being- 
carried  along  by  the  blood,  in  the  liver  or 
lungs,  where  they  undergo  certain  transfor- 
mations in  structure.  While  still  in  the  finer 
branches  of  the  blood  vessels  of  the  liver, 
which  they  transform  into  small  irregularly 
shaped  tubes  about  12  to  15  mm.  long  and  1 
to  1.5  mm.  broad,  the  embryos  lose  their  six 
hooks,  and  develop  into  small  round  kernels, 
which  are  generally  situated  at  one  end  of 
the  tubes.  The  embryo  can  first  be  seen 
about  four  days  after  infection.  The  "  scars" 
(figs.  91  and  92)  described  in  the  liver  of 
animals  infested  with  Cysticercus  tenuicollis 
are  nothing  more  nor  less  than  these  tubes, 
or  altered  blood  vessels,  caused  by  the  growth 
and  wandering  of  the  parasites.  In  a  shoat 
which  Leuckart  infected  with  eggs,  and 
which  he  killed  twenty-three  days  after  the 
infection,  he  found  two  young  cysticerci  in 
the  liver  6  to  8.5  mm.  long  and  3.5  to  5  mm. 
broad.  In  the  smaller  parasite  no  head  was 
visible;  in  the  larger,  one  end  was  slightly 


FIG.  85.— The  Marginate  Tapeworm 
(Taenia  marginata),  natural  size 
(original). 


differentiated  and  evidently  represented  tlie  anlage  (primordium)  of  the 
5257— No.  19 7 


98 


INSPECTION    OF    MEATS    FOR    ANIMAL    PARASITES. 


scolex — that  is,  the  head  and  neck  in  course  of  development.  The  por- 
tion which  was  destined  to  give  rise  to  the  head  arid  neck  was  a  small 
projection  extending  into  the  cavity  of  the  hydatid.  At  about  this 
stage,  or  a  few  days  later,  the  parasites  leave  the  liver,  fall  into  the 
body  cavity,  and  become  encysted  again  in  the  organs  mentioned  above. 
A  month  after  infecting  another  shoat,  Leuck- 
art  found  cysticerci  in  the  body  cavity,  with 
partially  developed  suckers  and  hooks.  Six 
weeks  after  the  infection  of  another  shoat,  he 
found  cysticerci  15  mm.  long  encysted  in  the 
omentum,  and  with  fully  developed  scolex. 
Three  months  after  infecting  a  lamb,  he  found 
cysticerci  twice  as  large.  Experiments  have 
also  been  made  by  other  authors  (Baillet,  Kiich- 
enmeister,  Kailliet,  etc.),  most  of  them  agreeing 
with  Leuckart's  experiment. 

Curtice,  however,  takes  a  somewhat  different  view, 
that  is,  he  considers  the  liver  as  a  place  of  destruction 
for  the  young  parasites,  rather  than  a  normal  place  for 
their  development ;  he  also  claims  that  the  embryos  which  may  even  travel  the  entire 
length  of  the  intestine  of  the  intermediate  host,  traverse  the  intestine  and  arrive 
directly  in  the  position  where  they  complete  their  larval  development  without  first 
passing  through  the  liver. 

After  developing  into  the  full-grown  bladder  worm,  the  parasites 
remain  unchanged  until  they  are  devoured  by  a  dog  or  wolf,  or  until, 


FIG.  86.—  Head  of  theMarginate 
Tapeworm  (Taenia  margi- 
nata).  X 17.  (Original.) 


FIG.  87.— Small  and  large  hooks  of  (A)  (Taenia  marginata),  (B)  T.terrata,  and  (C)  T.cocmtri's:  a, 
small  hooks ;  b,  large  hooks.     X  480.    ( After  Deffke,  1891,  PI.  II,  fig.  9.) 

after  an  undetermined  length  of  time,  they  become  disintegrated  and 
more  or  less  calcified. 

If  the  hydatid  is  devoured  by  a  dog  or  wolf,  either  when  the  latter  prey 
upon  the  secondary  host  or  when  the  dog  obtains  the  cyst  at  a  slaugh- 
terhouse, the  bladder  portion  is  destroyed,  the  scolex  alone  remaining 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.   99 

intact  in  tbe  digestive  fluids.     The  head  holds  fast  to  the  intestinal 
wall  with  its  suckers  and  hooks;  by  strobilatioii  (transverse  division)  it 


I 

FIG.  88. — Sexually  mature  segment  of  the  Marginate  Tapeworm  (Taenia  marginata) :  cp,  cirrus  pouch; 
gp,  genital  pore;  n,  nerve;  ov,  ovary;  sg,  shell  gland;  t,  testicles;  tc,  transverse  canal;  ut,  uterus; 
v,  vagina ;  vo,  ventral  canal ;  vd,  vas  deferens ;  vg,  vitellogene  gland.  Enlarged.  ( After  Deffke  1891 
PI.  I,  fig,  1.) 

gives  rise  to  the  segments,  which,  as  we  have  already  seen,  together 
with  the  head,  go  to  make  up  the  adult  tapeworm.  Eeproductive 
organs  of  both  sexes  develop  in  the  separate  segments,  and  eggs  are 


FIG.  89 — Gravid  segments,  showing  the  lateral  branches  of  the  uteri  of  (A)  Taenia  serrata,  X4;  (B) 
T.  marginata,  X  6;  (C)  T.  coenurug,  X  10-15.    (After  Leuckart,  1880,  p.  720,  fig,  308.) 

produced  within  which  are  developed  the  six-hooked  embryos,  the  point 
from  which  we  started  out. 

The  disease  in  cattle,  sheep,  and  hogs. — As  a  rule,  this  bladder  worm  is 
a  comparatively  harmless  parasite,  a  light  infection  having  little  or  no 


100 


INSPECTION    OF    MEATS    FOR    ANIMAL    PARASITES. 


effect  upon  the  host.     A  heavy  infection  may,  however,  prove  fatal  to 
young  animals. 

So  far  as  I  know,  only  one  case  is  on  record  where  this  parasite  has  proven  fatal  to 
cattle — probably  from  the  fact  that  no  severe  infections  have  yet  been  found ;  and 
from  our  present  knowledge  of  the  subject,  it  can  be  confi- 
dently asserted  that  a  slight  infection  has  little  or  no  effect 
upon  this  host.  In  experiments  which  have  been  made  upon 
sheep  and  pigs,  it  has  been  noticed  that  heavy  infections 
have  not  only  produced  decided  symptoms  but  have  proved 
fatal  to  the  animals  named.  Several  cases  (Leuckart, 
Zschokke,  Railliet)  are  also  reported  where  pigs  have  died 
from  the  effects  of  these  parasites  which  were  accidentally 
acquired  with  their  food.  In  all  of  these  cases  the  infection 
was  very  heavy.  The  parasites  had  caused  peritonitis  and 
pleurisy  by  their  migrations  from  the  liver  and  lungs  to  the 
body  cavities.  In  a  case  recently  described  by  Railliet,  a 
shoat  of  two  months  succumbed  to  the  disease.  Baillet  made 
numerous  experiments  on  lambs  and  on  young  goats,  the  animals  dying  in  ten  to 
fifteen  days  (a  primordium  of  the  scol ex  was  noticed  on  cysts  fifteen  days  old).  In  one 
of  Railliet's  experiments  a  goat  died  in  five  days. 

There  is  no  way  of  positively  diagnosing  when  an  animal  is  infested  with 
these  larvae,  as  the  symptoms  noticed  on  experimental  animals  apply 


FIG.  90.— Egg  of  the  Mar- 
ginate  Tapeworm  (Tae- 
nia  marginata)  with 
six-hooked  embryo, 
greatly  magnified 
(original). 


m 


FIG.  91. — Portion  of  the  liver  of  a  lamb  which  died  nine  days  after  feeding  with  eggs  of  the  Harginate 
Tapeworm  (Taenia  marginata),  with  numerous  "scars,"  due  to  young  parasites.  (After  Curtice, 
1890,  PL  X,  fig.  1.) 

equally  well  to  other  infections.  Diagnosis  being  uncertain  or  even 
impossible,  it  is  useless  to  discuss  treatment,  except  to  remark  that 
the  parasite  can  not  be  reached  with  medicines;  so  that  anjv  treatment 
advised  would  be  simply  that  advocated  for  pleurisy  or  peritonitis. 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.   101 

Prevention  is  a  comparatively  easy  matter  and  lies  in  keeping  dogs 
free  from  tapeworms. 

ABATTOIR   INSPECTION. 

So  far  as  the  question  of  using  beef,  mutton,  or  pork  from  animals 
infested  with  Cysticercus  tenuicollis  as  food  for  man  is  concerned,  this 
parasite  is  of  no  importance  whatever;  for  although  several  authors 
have  attempted  to  infect  themselves  with  tapeworms  by  swallowing 
this  larva,  all  such  experiments  have  been  negative. 

Differential  diagnosis. — Infection  of  cattle,  sheep,  and  hogs  by 
C.  tenuicollis  may  be  mistaken  for  infection  by  C.  bovis  (p.  71),  C.  cellulo- 
sae  (p.  89),  Echinococcus  (p.  113),  and  even  for  tuberculosis,  but  the  differ- 
ential diagnosis  should  not  be  difficult.  For  the  differences  between  the 
Long  necked  Bladder  Worm  and  the  other  three  larvae,  see  the  discus- 
sions of  those  parasites.  The  condition  of  the  corresponding  lymphatic 
glands  in  tuberculosis  of  the  host,  as  well  as  the  hooks  and  calcareous 


FIG.  92.— Cross  section  of  the  liver  of  a  lamb  which  died  nine  days  after  feeding  with  eggs  of  the  Margi- 
nate  Tapeworm  (Taenia  marginata) .    (After  Curtice,  1890,  PL  X,  fig.  2.) 

corpuscles  of  C.  tenuicollis,  allow  a  differentiation  of  degenerated  and 
calcified  specimens  of  this  parasite  from  tuberculosis. 

Frequency  of  C.  tenuicollis. — In  some  countries  the  larval  stage  is 
common,  especially  in  sheep.  Olt  found  it  in  26.4  per  cent  of  the  sheep 
(132  times  in  500  sheep)  examined  at  Stettin,  Germany.  It  occurs  in 
America,  Europe,  Africa,  and  probably  elsewhere. 

In  connection  with  this  parasite  it  is  necessary  to  consider  the  adult 
tapeworms  found  in  dogs. 

THE  ADULT  TAPEWORMS  OF  DOGS. 

The  Marginate  Tapeworm  is  unfortunately  not  the  only  tapeworm  in 
the  dog  which  proves  harmful  to  our  flocks.  The  following  key  will 
aid  in  determining  the  most  common  canine  forms  and  show  the  source 
of  infection : 

KEY  TO  THE  ADULT  TAPEWORMS  OP  DOGS. 

[For  the  forms  transmissible  to  cattle,  sheep,  and  swine  follow  Roman  type.] 

(1)  Four  suckers  on  the  head Family  Taeniidae,  2. 

Tivo  suckers  on  the  head;  genital  pores  rentro-median Bothriocephalus. 


102  INSPECTION    OF    MEATS    FOR    ANIMAL    PARASITES. 

(2)  Head  armed  with  hooks ;  genital  pores  marginal 3. 

Head  not  armed  with  hooks ;  genital  pores  rentro-median Mesocestoides.  ] 

(3)  Head  armed  with  a  double  row  of  hooks;  genital  pores  on  only  one  side  of  each  ( 

segment I.  ] 

Head  very  small,  ivith  about  GO  hooks  arranged  in  4  rows ;  body  10  to  40  cm.  lonij,  \ 
ivith  SO  to  120  quadrate  to  elliptical  segments,  the  largest  of  which,  may  measure  1.5\ 
to  S  mm.  broad  by  8  to  10  mm.  long  ;  eggs  in  round  capsules,  about  250  in  number, 
with  5  to  20  eggs  in  each  capsule;  eggs  measure  43  to  50  jj,;  larval  stage  in  fleax  and  I 
lice,  which  may  transmit  the  worm  to  dogs  or  to  man IHpylidium  caninum.  I 

(4)  Body  small,  4  to  5  mm.  long,  with  only  3  to  4  segments,  the  largest  of  which  may! 

measure  0.6  mm.  broad  by  2  nun.  long;  28  to  50  hooks  on  the  head;  about  60 ] 
testicles  present  in  a  segment ;  einbryophores  32  to  36  ft  by  25  to  30  ji.     The] 
eggs  are  transmissible  to  man,  oxen,  sheep,  pigs,  horses,  and  other  mammals, 
and  develop  into  the  larval  stage  (the  Echinococcus  hydatid),  which  is  veryl 
dangerous.     All  dogs  found  infested  with  this  worm  should  be  killed  and! 

burned Taenia  echinococcus,  p.  113. 1 

Body  much  larger  and  with  many  more  segments 5.  j 

(5)  Segments  somewhat  broader  than  long,  or  square,  or  longer  than  broad 6. 

Segments  much  broader  than  long,  except  the  distal  segments  ivhich  suddenly  elongate;  j 

head  small,  with  26  to  34  hooks;  genital  pore  unusually   large  and  prominent* 
embryophores  30  /J..     Larval  stage  develops  in  the  reindeer Taenia  Krabbet.  ] 

(6)  Ventral  root  of  hooks  simple ...... 7.  j 

Ventral  root  of  smaller  hooks  bifid <S.  1 

(7)  Strobila  40  to  60  cm.  long,  rarely  1  m. ;  head  pyriform,  0.8  mm.  in  diameter,  with] 

22  to  32  hooks,  the  larger  hooks  150  to  170  j.i  long;  220  to  250  segments  present;! 
distal  12  to  15  segments  measure  8  to  12  mm.  long  by  3  to  4  mm.  broad;  18  to] 
26  uterine  branches  (fig.  89  C)  each  side  of  median  stem;  about  20G  testicles  inj 
each  segment;  embryophores  spherical,  31  to  36  ju.  Transmissible  from  doga-j 
to  lambs  and  calves,  in  which  animals  it  causes  "Gid"..  Taenia  coenurus,  p.  103.1 
Strobila  1.5  to  5  m.  long;  head  renal  to  square,  1  mm.  broad,  with  28  to  441 
hooks,  the  larger  hooks  188  to  220  //  long;  650  to  700  segments  present;  distal ' 
50  to  70  segments  measure  10  to  14  mm.  long  by  4  to  7  mm.  broad;  5  to  6  or 82 
uterine  branches  (fig.  89  B)  each  side  of  median  stem;  about  600  testicles  in' 
each  segment;  embryophores  spherical,  31  to  36 //.  Transmissible  from  doijs 
to  cattle,  sheep,  swine,  etc Taenia  marginata,  p.  96. 1 

(8)  Strobila  45  to  72  cm.  long;  head  globular,  0.85  to  1.3  mm.  in  diameter,  with  26  to  331 

hooks,  the  larger  of  which  measure  135  to  156  f4  long;  largest  segments  8  to  16  mm.\ 
long  with  prominent  posterior  edge;  embryophores  ovoid,  33  to  41  jn  by  26  to  31  u.\ 

Transmissible  to  rabbits  and  hares Taenia  st-rialis.  j 

'  Strobila  60  cm.  to  2  m.  long;  head  1  to  3  mm.  in  diameter,  with  38  to  48  hooks,  the] 
largest  measuring  225  to  250  jii  long;  about  400  segments  present,  ofichich  the  d'mtul 
SO  to  40  measure  10  to  17  mm.  long  by  4  to  6  mm.  broad;  posterior  edge  of  segments 
very  prominent,  giving  strobila  a  serrate  appearance;  about  400  testicles  in  each] 
segment;  uterus  ivith  8  to  10  lateral  branches  (fig.  89  A)  each  side  of  median  < 
stem;  embryophores  ovoid,  36  to  40  ^i  by  31  to  36  //.  Transmissible  to  rabbits  and 
hares Taenia  serrata. 

Tapeworm  disease  in  dogs. — It  is  the  exception  that  the  presence  of 
tapeworms  in  dogs  is  diagnosed  symptomatically,  since  in  the  majority 
of  cases,  especially  in  light  infections,  these  parasites  do  not  affect 
dogs  to  such  an  extent  as  to  attract  attention.  Many  a  house  dog 
or  hunting  dog  harbors  tapeworms  without  their  presence  ever  being 
suspected.  In  some  cases,  however,  the  worms  cause  more  or  less  seri- 
ous pathological  lesions  in  the  intestine,  which  naturally  bring  about 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.   !103 

pronounced  symptoms,  although  the  direct  cause  of  the  trouble  is  not 
always  apparent  to  the  diagnostician. 

The  general  symptoms  exhibited  are  a  change  in  appetite,  disposi- 
tion to  vomit,  general  restlessness,  occasionally  cramps. 

The  smaller  species  of  tapeworms,  Taenia  echinococcus  and  Dipylidium 
caninum,  have  been  accredited  with  doing  more  harm  than  the  larger 
forms  (T.  marginata,  T.  serrata,  T.  coenurus,  and  T.  serialis  and  Bothrio- 
cephalus).  A  heavy  infection  of  T.  echinococcus  may  cause  a  severe,  in 
some  cases  fatal,  intestinal  inflammation,  with  hemorrhage,  the  dog 
exhibiting  epileptic  symptoms  or  even  symptoms  which  might  be  mis- 
taken for  hydrophobia — change  of  voice,  tendency  to  bite,  weakness, 
paralysis  of  lower  jaw,  etc.  Dipylidium  caninum  occasionally  bores 
tunnels  in  the  mucosa  of  the  intestine  "  through  which  the  strobila 
is  drawn,  much  like  a  train  of  cars."  Schieferdecker  found  a  peculiar 
hypertrophy  of  the  intestinal  villi  in  a  dog  infested  with  this  para- 
site, the  villi  being  four  to  five  times  the  normal  length ;  the  glands 
of  Lieberkiihu  were  more  or  less  atrophied.  The  same  severe  symp- 
toms mentioned  for  infection  with  T.  echinococcus  have 
also  been  noticed  in  dogs  infested  with  D.  caninum. 
An  accumulation  of  tapeworms  may  result  in  a  stop  ^^  „ 

page  of  the  bowels,  and  cases  are  on  record  of  per  '^D^V 

foration  of  the  intestinal  wall  by  T.  serrata.  **« 

The   nervous   symptoms  are  more  pronounced  in 
high-strung  dogs.     Regarding  frequency,  it  may  be    Fia  93._Touilg  cysti. 
stated  that  tapeworms  are  more  common  in  butchers' 


dogs  and  stray  dogs  having  access  to  slaughterhouses     cf  ^  of  the  *"gi?- 

ale  Tapeworm  (Taenia 

than  in  other  dogs.     It  is  claimed  by  some  authors     marginata),  natural 
that  male  dogs   are  more  frequently  infested  than     8ize>   (After  Curtice, 

J      •  1890,  PI.  X,  fig.  3a.) 

female  dogs,  and  that  tapeworms  are  more  common 

in  large  dogs  and  in  dogs  from  1  to  3  years  old  than  in  small  dogs  and 

animals  under  1  year  of  age. 

The  best  method  of  diagnosis  is  to  examine  the  faeces  for  segments 
or  eggs.  In  some  cases  the  attention  of  the  diagnostician  is  attracted 
to  expelled  segments  by  the  dog's  licking  around  the  anus  or  his  "slid- 
ing" on  the  anus.  A  mild  laxative  will  generally  result  in  the  expul- 
sion of  a  few  segments,  and  this  method  of  confirming  suspicions  is 
occasionally  used. 

Even  if  segments  are  not  found  in  the  excreta,  it  is  a  good  plan  to 
treat  the  dogs  for  tapeworms,  so  as  to  remove  all  doubts  as  to  their 
presence.  Dogs  which  come  in  contact  with  herds  should  certainly  be 
treated  occasionally  to  prevent  any  possibility  of  infecting  the  stock 
animals. 

It  will  be  noticed  that  the  larval  stages  of  three  of  these  tapeworms 
are  injurious  to  stock  animals,  namely,  T.  maryinata,  T.  coenurus,  and 
T.  echinococcus. 

The  larvae  of  the  others  are  of  comparatively  little  economic  iinpor- 


104  INSPECTION    OF    MEATS    FOR    ANIMAL    PARASITES. 

tance,  although  it  may  be  remarked  that  the  larvae  of  T.  serrata  are 
sometimes  fatal  to  rabbits,  while  the  adult  D.  caninum  sometimes  occurs 
in  children,  who  become  infected  with  it  by  too  intimate  association 
with  dogs.  While  playing  with  dogs  they  unconsciously  get  fleas  upon 
themselves  which  they  afterwards  swallow.  The  fleas  are  digested  and 
the  larvae  contained  in  their  bodies,  becoming  free  in  the  intestine, 
develop  into  tapeworms. 

It  is  very  difficult  to  distinguish  between  the  adult  forms  of  T.  coenu- 
rus  and  T.  serialis.  The  later  is  quite  common  in  America. 

If  T.  echinococcus  is  found  to  be  present  in  a  dog,  the  safest  plan  is 
to  kill  the  dog  and  burn  its  carcass.  The  larval  form  of  this  parasite 
is  so  dangerous  to  man  that  it  is  not  safe  to  have  the  dog  around  or 
to  handle  it,  as  is  necessary  in  administering  the  treatment. 

Taenia  marginata  develops  in  the  dog,  as  stated  elsewhere,  in  about 
ten  to  twelve  weeks ;  T.  serrata  in  about  eight  weeks ;  T.  coemtrus  in 
two  and  a  half  to  eight  weeks. 

The  table  following,  giving  the  more  common  tapeworms  in  dogs,  has 
been  compiled  from  the  various  sources  cited,  and  shows  the  compara- 
tive frequency  of  the  various  forms.  There  are  as  yet  no  extensive 
statistics  for  this  country. 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.       105 


Authority. 

1   «~  .    1    ^    |    1    tg    1 

S^Jp,,.     o)      n    .  -2      ^       ^  re       * 

1  From  time  to  time  Hassall,  Curtice,  Stiles,  and  several  volunteer  assistants  have  examined  dogs  in  this  laboratory,  but  none  of  the  examinations  except  those  made  by  Son 
mer.  were  conducted  with  a  view  to  establishing  statistics,  and  hence  no  exact  records  have  been  kept.  I  have  personally  seen  adults  of  T.  mariiinata,  T.  terrata,  T.  serialU 
T.  echinococcus,  and  D.  caninum,  and  larvae  of  the  four  species  of  taenia  collected  in  various  parts  of  the  United  States. 
2  After  Deffke,  1891,  p.  259;  Krabbe's  article  not  in  Washington. 
3Recorded  as  '"T.  inermis"~T.  pgeudo-cucurnerina=M.  lineatug. 
4  Also  observed  one  case  of  T.  serialig  (see  B  &  C.,  1879,  p.  297),  hut  apparently  not  in  this  lot  of  dogs. 
"Thomas  is  not  certain  that  these  specific  determinations  were  "invariably  correct.'' 
'This  is  recorded  from  the  first  13  dogs  examined  (see  Thomas,  1882,  p.  436)  ;  no  mention  is  made  of  the  liothriocevhalus  in  the  other  dogs. 

Jiothrio- 
cephalug. 

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cr     o     o 

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Locality. 

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Adelaide,  Australia  

Elsewhere  in  South  Austra 
1882-8  1. 

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^^SMO^Oi^WMMNiS"'     S 

106 


INSPECTION    OF    MEATS    FOR    ANIMAL    PARASITES. 


Treatment.1 — The  method  of  treatment  is  much  the  same  as  that  fol- 
lowed in  tapeworm  disease  of  man ;  first  prepare  the  patient  by  feeding 
him  on  a  light  diet  of  milk,  soup,  bread,  etc.,  and  then  administer 
anthelmiutics.  It  is  important  that  the  dog  should  be  confined  during 
the  entire  period  of  preparation  and  treatment. 

In  selecting  a  remedy,  it  is  well  to  consider  the  following  drugs.     The 


FIG.  94. — Skull  of  a  sheep  showing  the  brain  infested  with  a  Gid  Blndder  Worm"  (Goenurus  cerebrali.i), 
f  natural  size.    (After  Railliet,  1893,  p.  256,  fig.  150.)    See  p.  108. 

doses  (apothecaries'  weight)  here  given  and  the  remarks  on  the  drugs 
are  abstracted  from  French  (1896). 

The  doses  of  pelletierine  tanuate  are,  for  adults,  5  to  15  grains;  puppies,  £  to  5 
grains.  Pelletierine  is  undoubtedly  the  most  efficient  and  innocuous  taeniacide 
for  the  dog  \ve  possess,  but  is  not  much  used  on  account  of  its  expense.  French 

1  In  this  connection  consult  French,  1896,  and  Curtice,  1890,  pp.  77-78. 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.       107 


has  frequently  found  it  most  useful  when  the  stomach  has  refused  to  retain  other 
remedies.  It  should  be  administered  in  gelatin-capsular  form  in  conjunction  with 
powdered  purgatives. 

Aspidiinn  is  perhaps  the  most  reliable  of  all  the  vermifuges,  with  the  exception  of 
pelletieriiie.  For  everyday  practice  it  is  to  be  preferred  to  all  other  remedies  when 
given  in  the  form  of  oleoresin.  Doses :  For  adults,  15  to  40  minims ;  puppies,  5  to  15 
miuims.  The  dose  of  the  liquid  extract  is  the  same.  ^ 

Kamala  is  a  very  efficient  taeniacide  with  drastic  purgative  properties.  Given  in 
small  amount  as  an  adjunct  to  other  taeniacides,  particularly  to  the  oleoresin  of 
male  fern,  it  will  be  found  a  very  valuable 
remedy.  Doses:  Adults,  15  to  30  grains; 
puppies,  3  to  15  grains. 

lirayera  (U.  S.  P.),  Cusso  (B.  P.),  yields 
kosiu  or  koussin,  to  which  it  owes  its  taeni- 
acidal  properties.  It  is  one  of  the  best  and 
.safest  taeuiacides,  its  action  being  directly 
toxic  to  the  worm,  bat  it  is  too  expensive 
[for  ordinary  practice.  The  infusion  (In- 
fusum  brayerae,  U.S.  P.)  and  fluid  extract 
(Eftractum  'braijerae  Jiuidum)  are  both  too 
bulky  and  disagreeable  for  administration 
to  dogs.  Kosiu  may  be  given  in  capsules  in 
doses:  Adults,  10  to  40  grains;  puppies,  10 
to  20  grains.  The  drug  usually  acts  as  its 
'own  cathartic,  but  it  is  better  to  employ 
some  adjunct  for  this  purpose. 

Powdered  areca  nut,  when  freshly  ground, 
is  a  very  good  remedy  for  tapeworm.  When 
,old,  it  will  generally  be  found  inert;  conse- 
quently, it  is  best  always  to  purchase  the 
nut  and  grind  or  grate  on  an  ordinary  nut- 
meg grater.  It  is  still  largely  used  by  British 
veterinarians  and  is  a  favorite  with  some 
Americans,  but  it  can  not  be  regarded  as 
being  either  as  eifectual  .or  easy  of  adminis- 
tration as  the  two  preceding  drugs.  Its 
,  effects  011  puppies  are  not  unattended  with 
danger,  on  account  of  its  great  astringeucy; 
[but  with  due  regard  to  subsequent  purga- 
tion it  is  a  perfectly  safe  remedy.  Mayhew's 
method  of  prescribing  1  to  2  grains  to  every 

'pound  weight  of  the  dog  is  usually  followed,  but  the  smaller  quantity  will  generally 
suffice,  provided  the  powder  is  freshly  ground.  It  may  be  conveniently  given  in 
gelatin  capsules,  accompanied  or  followed  by  a  purgative. 

Turpentine  is  a  powerful  remedy  against  tapeworms,  but  it  is  regarded  as  being 
somewhat  dangerous  from  its  liability  to  produce  strangury  and  renal  inflammation. 
These  effects  are  said  to  be  less  pronounced  after  large  than  after  small  doses;  but 
largo  doses  are  more  liable  to  cause  gastric  .and  enteric  inflammations.  It  can  hardly, 
therefore,  rank  with  the  best  remedies.  Administer  in  emulsion  with  white  of  an 
•.egg,  mucilage,  milk  or  oil.  Doses :  Adults,  10  to  15  minims;  puppies,  3  to  10  minims. 

Dr..Hoskins  has  had  very  satisfactory  results  with  this  drug  in  puppies  under  6 
months  of  age  and  has  never  noticed  any  gastric  or  renal  results.  In  very  young 
puppies  he  rarely  gives  over  2  minims,  carrying  it  up  to  10  minims,  and  repeating 
:for  two  or  three  days  on  an  empty  stomach  in  the  morning,  allowing  no  food  for  an 
hour  or  two  after  its  administration. 


FIG.  95. — An  adult  Gid  Tapeworm  (Taenia  coe- 
nurus),  natural  size.  (After  Railliet,  1896,  p. 
244,  fig.  135;  see  also  figs.  86c  and  88c.)  See  p. 
108. 


108 


INSPECTION    OF    MEATS    FOR   ANIMAL    PARASITES. 


The  following  suggestions  as  to  doses,  compiled  from  various  sources, 
are  taken  from  Curtice  (1890): 

(1)  Allow  2  grains  of  freshly  powdered  areca  nut  for  each  pound  of  tin;  dog's 

weight;  administer  dose  in  souponnilk, 
stirring  it  well,  or  by  mixing  itinbutter 
or  molasses.  Follow  in  twohonrs  with 
a  tablespoonfnl  of  castor  oil  for  a  mod- 
erate-sized dog,  giving  tbe  oil  alone  or 
in  three  times  its  quantity  of  milk. 

Ziirn  advises  4  drachms  of  areca  nut 
for  a  large  dog;  2i  drachms  for  a  me-| 
dinm-si/ed  animal,  and  1  drachm  for  i 
a  small  dog. 

(2)  One   teaspoonful   of    turpentine, 
and  two  tablespoonsful  of  castor  oil 
given  in  a  cup  of  milk;  the  final  dose 
of  physic  is  not  given  in  this  case. 

(3)  Twenty  drops    of   oil    of   male] 
shield  fern,  30  drops  of  turpentine,  and  , 
60  drops  of  ether.     Beat  together  with 
one  egg  and  give  to  the  dog  in  soup.     , 

(4)  Hagen  advises  80  grains  of  oxide 
of  copper  with  40  grains  each  of  pow-i 
dered  chalk  and  Armenian  bolus;  mix] 
with  sufficient  water  to  make  an  ad- 

Fio.96  -Sex"  ally  mature  segment  of  the  Gid  Tape-    Cerent  mass,  and  divide  into  100  pill 


worm  (Taenia  eoenurus) :  cp,  cirrus  pouch ;  gp,  geni- 
tal pore ;  n,  nerve ;  ov,  ovary ;  sg,  sbell  gland ;  t,  tes- 
ticles; tc,  transverse  canal;  ut,  uterus;  v,  vagina;. 


Administer  one  pill  three  times  daily 
for  ten  days  in  meat  or  butter. 
(5)  Roll  prescribes  the  following  dose 


vc,  ventral  canal;  vd,  vas  deferens;  vg,  vitellogene    for  large  dogs ;  smaller  doses  should  be 


given  in  proportion tothesixeof  thedog: 


gland.     X  20.     (After  Deffke,  1891,  PI.  I,  fig.  3.) 

(a)  Two  drachms  each  of  extract  of  male  fern  and  of  powdered  male  fern  ;  or — 
(6)  Decoction  of  2^  ounces  of  pomegranate-root  bark  in  water,  reduced  to  6  fluid. 

ounces,  to  which  add  1  drachm 

of  extract  of  male  fern.     Give 

in  two  doses,  at  intervals  of 

one  hour ;  or — 

(c)  One-half  to  1  ounce  of 
kousso,  made  into  pills,  with 
honey  or  molasses  and  a  little 
meal;  or — 

(d)  From  !-£•  to  2£  drachms 
of  kamala,  stirred  with  honey 
or  water,  and  given  in   two 
doses  inside  of  an  hour. 

[a,  &,  and  c,  should  be  followed  in  two  hours,  with  castor  oil,  but  this  is  not 
necessary  for  d.~\ 

After  treatment,  all  the  faeces  passed  during  the  confinement  of  th 
patient  should  be  collected  and  burned  or  buried  in  quicklime. 

22.  The  Gid  Bladder  Worm  (Coenurvs  cerebralis)  of  Sheep  and  Calves,  and  its 
adult  stage,  The  Gid  Tapeworm  (Taenia  coenurus)  of  Dogs. 

[Figs.  870,  890,94-100.] 

The  Gid  Bladder  Worm  is  an  important  and  dangerous  parasite  to 
the  sheep  industry,  but  fortunately  it  does  not  seem  to  be  prevalent  in 
this  country. 


FIG.  97.—  Brain  of  a  lamb  infested  with  young  Gid  Bladder  worms 
(Coenuruscerebralis),  natural  size.  (After  Leuckart,  1880,  p. 
456,  fig.  206.) 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.   109 

LARVAL  STAGE  (Coen-urus  cerebralis). 
For  anatomical  characters,  compare  figs.  97,  99, 100  with  key,  p.  21. 

SYNONYMY. —  Vermis  vesicularis  socialis  Bloch,  1782;  Taenia  vesicularis  Goeze,  1782; 
Mnlticeps  Goeze,  1782;  Hydatigena  cerebralis  Batsch,  1786;    Fesicaria  socialls  Schrank, 
!  (1788);  Taenia  cerebralis  (Batsch)  Gmeliu,  1790;  Polycephalus  ovinus  Zeder,  1803;  P. 
j  boriuus  Zeder,  1803;  Coenurus  cerebralis  (Batsch)  Rudolphi,  1808. 

HOSTS.  —  Calves,  sheep,  mufflou,  goat,  roedeer,  reindeer,  dromedary,  horse.     (See 
pp.  137-143.) 

ADULT  STAGE  (  Taenia  coenurus  Kiichenmeister,  1853). 

For  anatomical  characters,  compare  figs.  95  and  96  with  key,  p.  101. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. — For  technical  discussion,  see  especially  Deff ke  (1891). 
HOSTS. — Dogs  and  wolves.     (See  pp.  137-143.) 

Life  history. — Starting  with  the  adult  worm  (tig.  95)  in  the  intestine 


FIG.  98.— Sheep's  skull,  the  hind  portion  thin  and  perforated,  due  to  the  presence  of  Girt  Bladder  worms 
(Ooenums  cerebialis).    (After  Dewitz,  1892,  p.  65,  tig.  47.) 

of  the  dog,  the  eggs  are  scattered  on  the  ground,  living  three  to  four 
weeks  in  a  moist  place,  and  are  taken  in  by  the  sheep  or  cattle  along 
with  the  fodder  or  water.  On  becoming  free  in  the  intestine,  the 
embryo  bores  through  the  intestinal  wall  and  reaches  the  brain  or  spinal 
-cord,  probably  aided  in  its  wanderings  by  the  blood  current.  Arriving 
in  the  brain,  the  young  worm  loses  its  hooks  and  develops  into  a  cyst 
(fig.  97),  which  preserves  for  some  time  the  power  of  locomotion  and  bur- 


INSPECTION    OF    MEATS    FOR    ANIMAL    PARASITES. 


rows  small  galleries  or  canals  in  the  nervous  tissue,  the  canal  gradually 
growing  larger  as  the  parasite  increases  in  size.  In  fourteen  to  nine- 
teen days  after  infection,  small  (0.5  to  1.5  mm.)  cysts  are  found  in  the 
brain  substance,  and  similar  structures  are  sometimes  found  in  the 
muscles,  especially  of  older  animals.  Those  in  the  muscles  generally 
atrophy  in  a  short  time,  but  those  in  the  brain '  continue  to  grow,  in 
twenty-five  to  forty-five  days,  causing  the  symptoms  of  "gid"  or  "stag- 
gers;" in  fifty  days  they  reach  the  size  of  a  hazelnut  and  show  the 

aulagen  (primordii)  of  the  scolices;  in  two  to 
three  months  they  complete  their  development. 
The  heads  (figs.  99, 100)  form  in  imaginations 
generally  at  one  end  of  the  cyst,  the  invagi- 
nations  growing  in  a  bunch.  If  these  heads 
are  fed  to  dogs  they  develop  into  adult  tape- 
worms, which  produce  eggs  after  about2  four 
to  eight  weeks. 

The  disease  in  calves  and  lambs. — As  inti- 
mated above,  lambs  are  much  more  subject  to 
the  "gid"  than  are  older  animals,  a  fact  which 
according  to  some  authors  finds  its  explana- 
tion in  the  circumstance  that  the  embryos 
can  not  force  their  way  through  the  tissues  of  adults,  but  owing  to 
the  more  pliable  condition  of  the  tissues  of  young  animals  they  are 
able  to  penetrate  to  the  brain  without  difficulty.  In  the  case  of  cat- 
tle, however,  although  the  disease  is  more  frequent  in  animals  a  year 
or  so  old,  it  is  not  so  rare  to  find  4-year  old  or  6-year  old  cows  also 
infested  with  the  parasite. 
Three  stages  of  the  disease  are  recognized:  (1)  The  period  of  infec- 


FIG.  99.— An  isolated  Gid  Bladder 
Worm  (Coenurus  cerebralis), 
showing  the  heads.  (After  Rail- 
liet,  1886,  p.  245,  fig.  137.) 


1  While  generally  found  in  the  nervous  centers  (brain,  more  rarely  in  the  spinal 
cord),  it  has  also  been  reported  once  in  the  connective  tissue  of  sheep  (Eichler),  once 
under  the  skin  of  a  calf  (Nathusius),  and  one  extremely  doubtful  case  has  been 
reported  to  us  from  Minnesota  of  its  occurrence  under  the  skin  of  a  horse.     This 
latter  case  has  not  been  examined  by  the  Bureau,  but  I  would  suggest  that  Taenia 
serialis  is  common  in  America,  and  considering  the  tissue  in  which  this  parasite  was 
found,  it  is  not  at  all  improbable  that  the  Minnesota  case  was  one  of  Coenurus  serialis 
(Taenia  serialis)  rather  than  C.  cerebralis. 

2  Statements  are  found  in  the  writings  of  various  authors  that  T.  coenurus  becomes 
"ripe,"  "mature,"  or  "developed"  in  the  dog  in  "ten  days,"  "three  to  four"  or 
"six  to  eight  weeks."      The  expressions  "ripe,  matured,  and  developed"  are,  how- 
ever, indefinite  terms,  for  in  some  writings  they  refer  to  the  stage  in  which  the 
genital  glands  are  active,  in  other  writings  they  refer  to  the  gravid  segments.     Prop- 
erly speaking,  a  segment  is  mature  when  its  sexual  glands  are  active ;  it  is  gravid  or 
ocigerous  when  it  contains  embryos.     Von  Siebold  found  gravid  segments  thirty -eight 
days  after  infection ;  the  strobilae  were  16  to  26  inches  long,  and  some  segments  had 
already  been  shed,  showing  that  gravid  segments  were  formed  in  less  than  thirty- 
eight  days.     Railliet  states  that  according  to  Leuckart  the  distal  segments  "arrive 
at  maturity"  (probably  meaning  "gravid"  in  this  case)  after  three  to  four  weeks. 
According   to    Kreuder   the  worms  develop  in  dogs   "to  fully -developed    sexually 
mature  tapeworms"  in  ten  days  (Ziirn). 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.       Ill 

tion  and  migration;  (2)  a  period  of  apparent  though  not  real  recovery, 
and,  (3)  the  climax. 

As  gid  is  apparently  not  prevalent  in  this  country,  it  is  hardly  neces- 
sary to  give  a  detailed  discussion  of  the  symptoms  and  pathology.  The 
following  short  account  will  suffice  for  the  present: 

If  the  parasites  are  located  in  the  brain,  we  find  the  condition  known 
as  cephalic  gid,  if  in  the  spinal  cord  we  find  medullary  gid,  also  known  as 
lumbar  gid  or  hydatic  paraplegia. 

In  cephalic  gid  there  is  at  first  indifference  and  weakness,  an  abnormal 
attitude  of  the  head,  which  is  of  an  unusually  high  temperature,  and 
vascular  injection  of  the  sclerotica;  pressure  on  the  skull  causes  pain; 
the  most  characteristic  symptom  of  the  disease  is  the  action  of  the  ani- 
mal in  turning  in  circles  to  the  right  or  left,  the  circles  becoming  smaller 
until  the  patient  pivots  around  on  one  spot;  in  some  cases  it  acts  as  if 
intoxicated,  often 
stumbles  and 
falls;  the  eyes  are 
turned  in  or  out, 
and  grinding  of 
the  teeth  is  no- 
ticed. The  exact 
position  of  the 
parasite  deter- 
mines the  partic- 
ular symptoms. 

In  medullary  gid 
there  is  a  gradual 
paralysis  of.  the 
hind  legs,  paraly- 
sis of  the  rectum 
and  bladder,  pale- 
ness of  the  mu- 
cous membranes, 
shedding  of  the 
wool,  etc. 

Cephalic  gid  should  not  be  mistaken  for  vertigo  due  to  heat,  epilepsy, 
^blindness,  or  false  gid  due  to  grubs  in  the  head.  Medullary  gid  should 
not  be  confounded  with  the  trembling  disease  (the  Scotch  louping-ill]  or 
lumbar  prurigo. 

Treatment. — There  is  no  medical  treatment  which  can  be  suggested; 
furgical  treatment  is  sometimes  resorted  to,  but  should  be  performed 
only  by  a  veterinarian  since  it  is  necessary  to  locate  the  parasite  before 
operating,  and  this  can  be  done  only  by  men  of  experience. 

Prevention,  however,  can  and  should  be  practiced  by  every  farmer. 
Dogs  should  be  kept  free  from  tapeworms.  As  Taenia  coenurus  develops 
in  the  dog  in  three  to  eight  weeks,  the  treatment  may  be  repeated  two 
to  live  weeks  after  the  first  dose. 


FIG.  100.— Diagrammatic  section  of  a  Gid  Bladder  Worm  (Coenurus  cere- 
bralis) :  a,  normal  disposition  of  scolex;  b.  c,  d,  e,  diagrammatic  drawing  to 
show  the  homology  between  cysticercus  and  coenurua.  (After  Eailliet, 
1886,  p.  243,  fig.  134.) 


112  INSPECTION    OF    MEATS    FOR    ANIMAL    PARASITES. 

When  gid  is  suspected  in  a  flock  of  sheep  or  in  cattle,  one  of  the  \ 
animals  should  be  slaughtered  and  its  skull  examined  for  the  parasite,  j 
If  it  is  positive  that  gid  is  present,  it  is  well  to  slaughter  the  affected  ; 
sheep  before  the  third  stage  of  the  disease  sets  in,  as  in  the  third  stage 
they  sometimes  become  very  thin.    The  skulls  of  "giddy"  sheep  should 
not  be  fed  to  dogs  unless  they  be  first  subjected  to  a  long  boiling,  for  if  j 
this  precaution  is  not  taken  the  infection  will  be  spread. 

The  eggs  retain  their  vitality  less  than  twenty-four  hours  when 
exposed  to  an  August  sun  (Leuckart);  if  kept  moist  they  are  alive' 
after  three  weeks  (Gerlach),  but  after  eight  weeks  are  unable  to  develop 
further  (Leuckart). 

It  has  been  impossible  for  the  writer  to  find  any  positive  evidence  on 
the  existence  of  the  Gid  Bladder  Worm  in  this  country,  yet  in  view  of 
the  importations  from  Europe  of  sheep  and  dogs,  it  is  difficult  to  believe 


FIG.  101.— Portion  of  hog's  liver  infested  with  Echinococcus  hydatid,  natural  size  (original). 

that  we  are  entirely  free  from  this  parasite.  Leidy,  in  1856,  makes  a 
reference  to  a  parasite  "Coenurus  cerebraUs  Eud.;  in  the  sheep,  Capra 
aries,"  which  he  evidently  examined,  but  he  gives  no  details  as  tol 
where  or  when  the  parasite  was  found.  One  doubtful  case  of  the 
presence  of  adult  worm  in  dogs  was  recently  recorded  by  Ward,  of 
Nebraska,  but  I  have  examined  the  head  of  the  worm  and  find  it  to  b^ 
a  T.  serialis,  see  page  101. 

ABATTOIR  INSPECTION. 

| 

So  far  as  infection  of  man  is  concerned,  the  abattoir  inspection  for 
Coenurus  cerebralis  is  of  no  importance,  for  no  case  of  Taenia  coenurus 
has  ever  been  recorded  in  the  human  species.  If  the  parasite  is  found 
in  abattoir  inspection,  care  should  be  taken  to  dispose  of  it  in  such  a 
way  (heat)  as  to  render  an  infection  of  dogs  impossible. 

The  adult  tapeworm  in  dogs. —  Symptoms,  etc.,  see  page  101. 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.   113 

23.  The  EchmococcusHydatid(/£c7u«0cocc«s  polymorphic)  of  Man,  Cattle,  Sheep, 
Swine,  etc.,  audits  adult  stage,  The  Echinococcus  Tapeworm  (Taenia  echin- 
ococcus) of  Dogs. 

[Figs.  101-109.] 

A  third  tapeworm  of  the  dog,  the  larval  form  of  which  develops  in 
cattle,  sheep,  and  swine,  is  Taenia  echinococcus.  Since  this  parasite 
develops  its  larval  stage  in  man  also,  and  further,  since  it  is  the  most 
dangerous  animal  parasite  found  in  man,  it  is  important  to  thoroughly 
understand  its  life  history  in  order  to  guard  against  infection,  although, 
it  is  at  present  not  very  common  in  America. 

LARVAL  STAGK  ( Echinococcus  polymorphus). 

For  anatomical  characters,  compare  figs.  101,  105,  106-109  with  key, 
p.  21. 

SYNONYMY. — Taenia  visceralis  socialis  granulosa  Goezc,  1782;  Hydatigena  granulosa 
Batsch,  1786;  Fesicaria  granulosa  (Batsch)  Schrank,  (1788) ;  Taenia  granulosa  (Batsch) 
Gnielin,  1790;  Pohjcephalus  hominis  Zeder,  1800;  Echinococcus  Rudolphi,  1802;  Poly- 
cephalus  human  us  Zeder,  1803;  P.  granulosus  (Batsch)  Zeder,  1803;  P.  echinococcus 
Zeder,  1803;  Acephalocystis  Laennec,  1804;  Echinococcus  granulosus  ( Batsch)  Kudolphi, 
1805;  Hydatis  erratica  Blumenbach,  1805 ;  Acephalocystis  humana  Liidersen,  (1808); 
A.  suilla  Liidersen,  (1808);  Echinococcus  hominis  (Zeder)  Rudolphi,  1810;  E.  simiae 
Rudolphi,  1810;  E.  reterinorum  Rudolphi,  1810;  Polycephalus  granosus  Laennec,  1812; 
Acephalocystis  oroidea  Laennec,  1812;  A,  cystifera  Laennec,  1812;  A.granosa  Laennec, 
1812;  A.  surculigera  Laennec,  1812;  .1.  intersecta  Laennec,  1812;  A.  ansa1  Laennec, 
1812;  Echinococcus  infusorium  F.  S.  Leuckart,  (1827);  Acephalocytis  eremita  sterilis 
Cruvielhiel,  (-  ?-);  A.prolifera  socialis  Cruvielhiel,  (-?-);  A.  endogena  Kuhn,  (1830); 
A.  exogena  Kuhn,  (1830);  A.  granulosa  Chiaje,  1833;  A.  cornmunis  Chiaje,  1833;  A. 
prolifera  Chiaje,  1833 ;  A.  simplex  Goodsir,  1844 ;  (  ?  ? )  Diskostoma  acephalocystis  Goodsir, 
1844 ;  ( ?  ? )  Astoma  acephalocystis  Goodsir,  1844 ;  Echinococcus  arietis  E.  Blanchard,  1848; 
E.  giraffae  Gervais,  (-?-);  E.  polymorphic  Diesing,  1850;  E.  pardi  Huxley,  (1852) ;  E. 
scolicipariens  Kiichenmeister,  1855;  E.  coenuroides  Kiichenmeister,  1855;  E.  altri- 
cipariens  Kiichenmeister,  1855;  (?)  Acephalocystis  macaci  Cobbold,  1861;  (?)  A.  ovis 
irarjelaphi  Cobbold,  1861;  Cysticercus  echinococcus  (Zeder)  Koeberl6, 1861 ;  Echinococcus 
cerebri  Spiering,  1862;  E.  liepatis  sen  process,  rermiformis  Scholler,  1862;  E.  hydatidosus 
R.  Leuckart,  1863;  E.  endogena  (Kuhu,  1830)  Leuokart,  1863;  E.  multilocularis  Leuck- 
art, 1863;  E.  lienis  Kehlberg,  1873;  E.  pulmonum  Huppert,  1875;  E.  multilocularis 
hepatis  Haffter,  1875;  E.  intercranialis  Fricke,  1880;  E.  simplex  Leuckart,  1880;  E. 
racemosus  Leuckart,  1880;  E.  multiplex  Stiller,  1882;  E.  alreolaris  R.  Blanchard,  1886; 
E.retroperitonialis  Bitter,  1886;  E.mesenterii  Surmann,  1891;  E.  cerebralis  Perroncito, 
(18 — );  E.  ctjsticus  Huber,  1891;  E.  unilocnlaris  Huber,  1896;  E.  multilocularis  exul- 
cerans  Huber,  1896;  E.  osteoklastes  Huber,  (?)1896;  E.  subphrenicus  Huber,  1896; 
" Eckinokokkus"  (!)  of  Schneidemiihl,  1896. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. — For  detailed  technical  discussion  of  the  parasite,  see  especially 
Leuckart  (1880, 1,  pp.  732-825) ;  for  discussion  of  hydatid  disease  in  man,  see  especially 
Neisser(1877) ;  J.  D.  Thomas  (1884) ;  Davaine  (1877,  pp.  356-666) ;  for  bibliography,  see 
especially  (prior  to  1864)  Diesing  (1850,  pp.  842-844,  and  1864,  pp.  395-397) ;  (1861-1880) 

1  A.  plana  Laeunec,  1812,  a  seventh  supposed  but  doubtful  variety  described  by 
Laennec,  has  since  been  determined  as  a  spurious  parasite,  representing  albuminous 
concretions  occasionally  found  in  the  wrist,  and  afterwards  described  by  Dupuytren 
as  Ovuligera  carpi.  A.  racemosa  Cloquet,  an  eighth  supposed  variety,  is  another  spu 
rious  parasite  later  determiued  as  chorial  vesicles. 
5257— No.  19 8 


114 


INSPECTION    OF    MEATS    FOR    ANIMAL    PARASITES. 


Taschenberg  (1889,  pp.  1036-1057);  (1877-1890)  Huber  (1891.  pp.  5-39);  also  Killings, 
Index  Cat.  Lib.  Surg.  Gens.  Office,  United  States  Army,  1885,  VI,  pp.  530-535. 
HOSTS. — Man,  cattle,  sheep,  swine,  and  other  animals.     (See  pp.  137-143.) 

ADULT  STAGE  (Taenia  echinococcux  Siebold,  1853). 
For  anatomical  characters,  compare  flgs.  102-104  with  key,  p.  101. 

SYNONYMY. — "Taenia  cateniformis"  misdet.  pro  parte  Rudolph!,  1808;  "T.  cucu- 
merina  Bloch"  uiisdet.  pro  parte,  Diesing,  1850;  "T.  serrata"  raisdet.  Roll,  1852;  T. 
echinococcits  Siebold,  (1853) ;  T.  nana  Beneden,  1858  [nee  Siebold,  1852]  ;  Echinococcifcr 
echinococcus  (Siebold)  Weinland,  1858;  "T.  echinococca"  of  Koeberle",  1861;  T.  (Echino- 
coccifer)  echinococcus  of  Leuckart,  1863 ;  T.  (Ar)iynchotaenia)  echinococcus  of  Diesiug, 
1864;  T.  (Echinococcus)  echinococcus  of  Railliet,  1886;  T.  "  eehinolcokkus"  of  Schneide- 
mlihl,  1896. 

HOSTS.— Dog,  dingo,  jackal,  wolf,  cougar  (?).     (See  pp.  137-143.) 

Life  history. — Starting  with  the  adult  tapeworm  (fig.  103)  in  the 
small  intestine  of  the  dog  or  wolf,  the  eggs  are  scattered  over  the 
ground  and  are  swallowed  by  the  intermediate  host  with  the  fodder  or 

water.  Upon  arriving  in  the  stomach, 
the  eggshells  are  destroyed  and  the 
six-hooked  embryo,  which  is  thus  freed, 
bores  its  way  through  the  intestinal 
wall  and  wanders,  actively  or  pas- 
sively (that  is,  carried  along  by  the 
blood),  to  various  organs  of  the  body, 
liver,  lungs,  ovaries,  bones,  skull,  etc., 
where  it  develops  first  into  an  acephu- 
locyst,  which  may  develop  further  into 
(After  anv  of  £ne  yariations  given  below  in 
the  description  of  the  larval  stage. 
The  heads  which  are  formed,  upon  being  devoured  by  a  dog  or  wolf, 
then  develop  into  adult  tapeworms. 

The  larval  stage  develops  rather  slowly,  and  may  persist  for  many 
years.  Thus,  cases  are  on  record  where  the  hydatid  has  existed  for  2, 
4,  8,  15,  18,  and  even  30  years  in  man,  very  often,  however,  with  fatal 
results. 

Modifications  of  the  hydatid  cysts. — The  larval  stage  appears  in  several  different 
forms,  which  have  been  described  under  various  names  as  representing  different 
species.  It  is  now  admitted,  however,  by  nearly  all  authors,  especially  by  zoologists, 
that  all  these  forms  belong  to  one  species  and  have  been  brought  about  by  different 
modes  of  growth.  Let  us  assume  that  a  six-hooked  embryo  has  reached  the  liver, 
lungs,  or  some  other  organ  of  the  secondary  host  (man,  cattle,  sheep,  etc.). 

About  four  weeks  after  the  infection  small  cysts,  scarcely  1  mm.  in  diameter,  are 
noticed  in  the  interlobular  tissue  of  the  liver,  fop  instance.  They  consist  of  an  outer 
cyst,  formed  by  the  connective  tissue  of  the  host,  and  an  inner  solid  body,  0.25  to 
0.50  mm.  in  diameter,  which  represents  the  young  parasite.  The  six  hooks  of  the 
embryo  have  been  discarded  and  the  organism  consists  of  an  outer  transparent  cap- 
sule— the  cuticle — 20  to  50  /.i  in  thickness,  and  a  granular  content  somewhat  con- 
densed on  the  periphery  and  containing  cells  which  are  not  distinctly  separatee 
from  one  another.  At  the  end  of  eight  weeks  the  parasite  has  doubled  in  size. 
The  cuticle,  which  is  very  elastic,  grows  thicker  and  its  inner  surface  is  coveret 


FIG.  102.— Portion  of  the  intestine  of  a  dog 
infested  with  the  adult  Hydatid  Tapeworm 
(Taenia  echinococcus),  natural  size. 
Ostertag,  1895,  p.  430,  fig.  99.) 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.   115 


FIG.  103.— Adult  Hy- 
datid Tape  worm  (Tae- 
nia  echinococcus).  en- 
larged. ( After  Leuek- 
art,  1880,  p.  743,  fig. 
316.) 


by  a  thin  membrane  (endocyst,  pareiichyui  layer,  germinal  layer)  which  repre- 
sents the  condensed  granular  content;  this  was  at  first  solid  and  occupied  the 
entire  space  inside  the  cuticle.  The  endocyst  now  incloses  a 
cavity  containing  a  clear  watery  fluid.  The  parasite  continues 
to  grow,  the  cuticle  becomes  stratified;  the  germinal  layer 
shows  a  histological  differentiation  into  small  cells  occupying 
the  periphery,  large  cells  on  the  inside,  and  granular  cells 
occupying  the  irregular  spaces  on  the  surface.  At  the  end  of 
nineteen  Weeks  the  parasite  has  reached  10  to  12  mm.  in  diame- 
ter; the  liquid  in  the  interior  contains  a  number  of  chemical 
compositions,  the  parenchym  layer  has  grown  slightly,  the  cuti- 
cle is  about  0.2  mm.  thick.  When  the  parasite  is  composed  of 
only  these  portions,  that  is,  cuticle,  endocyst,  and  the  contained 
liquid,  it  represents  the  form  which  some  authors  include  under 
the  term  Acephalocystls.  If  we  imagine  all  the  portions  of  fiw. 
105  absent,  which  are  designated  by  the  letters  a  to  z,  the  por- 
tions cu  and  jja  being  left,  we  have  before  us  a  simple  acephalo- 
cyat  (headless  echiuococcus  hydatid).  Although  the  parasite 
frequently  remains  in  this  condition,  or  rather  is  found  in  this 
condition,  the  acepbalocyst  does  not  represent  the  final  larval 
stage.  Referring  to  fig.  105,  «,  we  see  a  slight  proliferation 
of  the  parenchyma.  This  protuberance  grows  gradually  into 
the  cavity  of  the  hydatid  and  develops  into  a  brood  capsule, 
6,  o,  the  cavity  of  which  is  lined  by  a  thin  cuticle.  The  heads 
of  the  succeeding  generation  of  tapeworms  develop  in  these 
brood  capsules,  but  authors  are  not  entirely  agreed  as  to  how 
they  develop.  Thus,  Leuckart  states  that  a  diverticulum  is  formed  which  extends 
into  the  cavity  of  the  hydatid  cyst,  that  the  head  is  formed  at  its  base,  and  the 

diverticulum  then  invaginates.  The  suc- 
cessive stages  may  be  seen  in  c,  d,  and  e 
of  fig.  105.  Moniez,  on  the  other  hand, 
states  that  the  head  develops  inside  of 
the  brood  capsules,  passing  through  the 
stages/,  g,  li,  and  i;  he  admits,  however, 
that  there  is  occasionally  a  diverticulum 
formed,  at  the  end  of  which  is  developed 
a  head,  not  in  the  manner  described  by 
Leuckart,  but  in  the  same  manner  as  if 
the  head  had  formed  inside  the  brood 
capsule/,  k.  Whatever  may  be  the  mode 
by  which  these  heads  are  formed,  several 
(5,  10,  20,  or  even  34)  may  develop  in  one 
brood  capsule.  As  numerous  brood  cap- 
sules may  develop  in  one  hydatid  cyst, 
it  is  not  to  be  wondered  at  that  inanv 


thousand  heads  are  sometimes  found  in 
hydatid  cysts.      Occasionally  the  brood 
capsules  will  be  found  ruptured,  so  that 
the  heads  extend  free  into  the  cavity  of 
the    hydatid   (m),  and  heads   are  occa- 
sionally found  floating  free  in  the  liquid 
of  the  cyst  (n).     The  hydatid,  so  far  as 
we  have  traced  it  (with  CM,  pa,  a-n),  is 
a  mature  larval  stage  such  as  is  frequently  found  in  animals,  and  if  this  cyst  is 
devoured  by  a  dog  the  separate  heads  or  scolices  will  develop  into  adult  tapeworms. 
From  this  point,  or  even  before  it,  several  modes  of  development  are  open  for  the 


Fio.  104.— Hooks  of  adult  Hydatid  Tapeworm: 
o, from  a  hydatid;  b,  three  weeks  after  feeding 
to  a  dog ;  c,  from  an  adult ;  d,  combined  figuresof 
a-c,  showingthe  gradual  changes  inform.  X600. 
(After  Leuckart,  1880,  p.  736,  fig.  315.) 


116 


INSPECTION    OF    MEATS    FOR    ANIMAL    PARASITES. 


hydatid:  Thus,  small  centers  of  growth  (o,  p,  q,  u)  may  form  in  tbe  wall  of  the 
parasite.  As  these  growths  increase  in  size  a  cuticle  is  formed  around  them  ( p,  </), 
and  they  burst  through  the  wall  in  which  they  are  growing  and  continue  their 
further  development  in  the  same  manner  as  the  mother  hydatid.  If  these  so-called 
daughter  cyats  fall  into  the  cavity  of  the  mother  cyst,  the  entire  parasitic  cyst 
(mother  hydatid  -f  daughter  hydatids  r,  x)  presents  to  us  the  form  described  as  the 
endogenous  Echinococcus  (Acephaluci/xtis  endoyena  Kuhn,  Echinoeoecus  altricipariens 
Kuchennieister,  and  E.  hydatidusun  Leuckart),  found  particularly  in  man,  hogs,  and 


FIG.  105.— Diagram  of  an  Echinococcus  hydatid:  CM,  thick  external  cuticle;  pa,  parenchyin  (germinal) 
layer ;  e,  d,  e,  development  of  the  heads,  according  to  Leuckart ;  /,  g,  h,  i,  k,  development  of  the  heads 
according  to  Moniez;  I,  fully  developed  brood  capsule  with  heads;  m,  the  brood  capsule  has  rup- 
tured, and  the  heads  hang  into  the  lumen  of  the  hydatid;  n,  liberated  head  floating  in  the  hyda- 
tid ;  o,  p,  q,  r, «,  mode  of  formation  of  secondary  exogenous  daughter  cyst ;  t,  daughter  cyst  with  one 
endogenous  and  one  exogenous  granddaughter  cyst;  u,  v,  x,  formation  of  endogenous  cyst,  after 
Kuhn  and  Davaine:  y,  z,  formation  of  endogenous  daughter  cysts,  after  Xaunyn  and  Leuckart:  y, 
at  the  expense  of  a  head;  z,  from  a  brood  capsnle ;  evag.,  constricted  portion  of  the  mother  cyst. 
(After  R.  Blanchard,  1886,  p.  426,  fig.  257,  slightly  modified.) 

horses.  The  growth  does  not  necessarily  stop  with  the  daughter  cysts,  but  a  third 
generation  of  cysts  (granddaughter  cysts)  may  form  in  the  same  manner  inside  of  the 
daughter  cysts,  as  shown  in  x.  The  brood  capsules  of  the  mother  cyst,  or  even  the 
separate  scoleces,  may,  according  to  certain  authors,  fall  into  the  cavity  and 
develop  into  daughter  cysts.  If  the  daughter  cysts  continue  their  growth  outside 
of  the  mother  cyst,  as  shown  in  q,  r,  s,  t,  we  have  the  form  described  as  the  exogenous 
Echinococcus  (Acephaloci/stis  exogena  Kuhn,  Eclrinococcus  scoliciparlens  Kiichenmeister, 
E.  simplex,  and  E.  granulosus  Leuckart).  It  will  be  at  once  seen  that  it  is  sometimes 
difficult  to  decide  whether  the  parasite  is  an  exogenous  echinococcus  or  whether  the 
cysts  s  and  t  have  developed  from  six-hooked  embryos. 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.   117 


FIG.  106. — A  racemose 
Echinococcus,  natural 
size.  ( After  Leuckart, 
1880,  p.  795,  fig.  334.) 


Iii  the  case  of  endogenous  ccliinococcus  it  would  not  be  at  all  strange  if  we  found  the 
scolices  free  in  the  liquid  n  or  a  ruptured  brood  capsule  m,  caused  by  contact  of  the 
brood  capsule  with  the  daughter  hydatids. 

Generally,  the  hydatids  are  more  or  less  round,  but  frequently  diverticula  (erag.) 
are  noticed  in  the  walls;  for  the  cyst  will  naturally  develop  in  the  direction  of  the 
least  pressure,  and  if  this  pressure  is  least  at  one  particular  portion  of  the  cyst  a 
diverticulum  will  naturally  form  at  that  point.  This  growth 
of  diverticula  leads  us  to  the  consideration  of  the  form  of 
hydatid  known  as  Echinococcus  racemosus  and  still  another 
form  not  distinctly  separated  from  E.  racemosus,  that  is,  E. 
multilocularis  (E.  alveolaris,  the  "tumeur  hi/datiqtte  alveolaire" 
of  Carridre). 

E.  racemosus  Leuckart,  the  grape  Echinococcus  (fig.  106), 
is  composed  of  a  number  of  cysts  more  or  less  intimately  con- 
nected with  each  other,  so  as  to  give  the  .appearance  of  a 
bunch  of  grapes  or  of  fish  spawn.  It  is  difficult  to  dis- 
tinguish in  some  cases  whether  the  parasitic  growth  repre- 
sents a  heavy  infection  of  small  hydatids,  each  of  which  has  grown  from  a  six- 
hooked  embryo,  or  whether  all  the  cysts  have  arisen  by  budding  from  a  single  cyst. 
Cases  of  this  kind  have  been  reported  in  cattle  by  Kuhn  and  others. 

E.  multilocularis,1  as  stated,  is  a  form  of  growth  which  is  not  distinctly  separated 
from  E.  racemosus;  in  fact,  the  two  may  easily  be  classed  together,  as  Leuckart 
suggests.  E.  multilocularis  s.  st.  represents  a  group  of  small  hydatids  (figs.  107-109) 
lying  close  together,  in  many  cases  connected  in  a  common  stroma.  This  variety  is 
found  chiefly  in  Switzerland  and  Germany,  where  about  70  cases  have  been  reported 
in  the  liver  of  man  and  a  number  of  cases  in  cattle. 

If  a  section  is  made  of  the  parasitic  growth  we  find  numerous  small  caverns  of 
irregular  shape,  containing  a  rather  transparent  gelatinous  substance  and  embedded 
in  a  common  substance  or  stroma  of  connective  tissue,  in  which  blood  vessels  and 
gall  ducts  are  occasionally  seen.  The  liver  cells,  however,  are  entirely  atrophied. 
For  many  years  the  nature  of  these  parasitic  growths  was  misunderstood  and  they 
were  diagnosed  as  colloid  cancers  until  Virchow  (1856)  discovered  that  they  were 
hydatids. 

Four  other  terms  which  have  been  applied  to  the  hydatids  also  need  a  word  of 
explanation.  Rudolphi  made  use  of  the  terms  E.  hominis,  E.  simiae,  and  E.  reterino- 
rum  to  designate  the  echinococcus  of  man,  apes,  and  other  animals,  respectively, 
supposing  that  they  belonged  to  three  separate  species.  Diesing,  however,  main- 

tained that  all  three  forms  rep  resent  the  larval  stage 
of  one  species  and  introduced  the  name  E.  polymor- 
phus  to  designate  the  larval  parasite,  a  name  which 
zoologists  now  quite  generally  accept. 

HYDATID    DISEASE    IN    VARIOUS    ANIMALS. 


no.  io7.-section  through  a  nmiti-  disease  caused  by  the  larval  stage  of 

locuiar  Echinococcus.  x3o.  (After  this  parasite  is  kiiown  as  Hydatid,  or  Echi- 
Leuckart,  1880,  p.  796,  flg.  335  )  nococcuS7  disease.  In  general  terras,  the  hy- 

datid may  occur  in  any  organ  of  the  body,  but  is  most  commonly  met 

with  in  the  liver  or  lungs.    The  symptoms  will  of  course  vary  accord- 

ing to  the  location  of  the  parasite. 


1  Several  authors,  more  particularly  Miiller  and  Mangold,  consider  that  this  form 
represents  a  distinct  species.  The  ordinary  adnlt  is  said  to  have  plumper  hooks, 
while  the  eggs  are  not  collected  in  "egg  balls."  The  adult  of  E.  multilocularis  is 
said  to  have  more  slender  hooks  and  its  eggs  are  described  as  collected  in  "  egg  balls." 


118 


INSPECTION    OF    MEATS    FOR    ANIMAL    PARASITES. 


FIG.  108. — Amultilocular  Echinococcus 
from  the  liver  of  a  steer,  natural  size. 
(After  Ostertag,  1895,  p.  4^7,  fig.  94.) 


It  is  not  at  all  rare  that  the  hydatids  are  not  known  to  be  present 
until  discovered  by  post-mortem  examination ;  they  may  however 
become  very  dangerous  because  of  their  situation,  their  volume,  and 

the  pressure  they  .exert.  When  they  occu- 
py an  important  organ,  when  they  reach  a 
large  size,  and  when  the  walls  of  the  cysts 
become  osseous  or  cartilaginous;  or  when 
numerous,  they  may  cause  serious  trouble 
or  death ;  they  are  frequently  fatal  when 
after  bursting  they  are  discharged  through 
an  organ  communicating  with  the  exterior, 
symptoms  persisting  and  increasing,  the 
expelled  matter  having  a  gangrenous  odor, 
or  when  they  discharge  into  a  serous  cavity 
or  into  a  large  blood  vessel. 

Hydatid  disease  in  cattle. — Three  cases 
are  known  where  cows  died  suddenly 
which  had  hydatids  in  the  heart;  Fuisen 
is  authority  for  the  statement  that  the  hy- 
datids of  cattle  are  short  lived,  and  show 
a  great  tendency  to  degenerate  and  be- 
come calcified.  (See  also  under  "Abattoir  inspection,"  p.  121.) 

Symptoms. — The  parasites  are  generally  found  in  the  liver  and  lungs, 
seldom  in  the  heart.      When   in    the 
heart  symptoms  are  not  generally  ex-  w 

hibited  unless  the  cyst  breaks  through 
the  muscular  wall  and  hangs  into  the 
cavities  of  the  heart,  or  when  the  cyst 
discharges;  in  these  cases  apoplexy  is 
generally  the  result.  It  is  scarcely 
possible  to  diagnose  echinococcus  of 
the  spleen.  In  echinococcus  of  the 
lungs  a  slight  cough  is  first  noticed, 
which  increases  according  to  the  de- 
gree of  infection  and  the  size  of  the 
parasites,  occurring  at  times  every  five 
or  ten  minutes.  This  cough  is  absent 
when  the  liver  instead  of  the  lungs  is 
particularly  infected.  Inspiration  in- 
creases to  80  or  84  per  minute.  Inspi- 
ration is  broken.  Fever  is  at  first 
absent;  pulse  about  70  to  85;  milk  se- 
cretion is  lessened,  appetite  normal 
except  toward  the  end  of  the  disease,  when  the  hide  becomes  bound,  hair 
becomes  stiff  and  dry.  Pressure  on  the  right  side  of  the  region  of  the  four 
last  ribs  causes  the  animals  to  show  signs  of  pain,  and  there  is  a  dull  per- 


Fio.  109. — A  multilocular  I.Hi  inococcus 
from  the  pleura  of  a  bog,  natural  size. 
(After  Ostertag,  1895,  p.  428,  fig.  97.) 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWOEMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.   119 

cussion  sound  similar  to,  though  not  so  deep  as  that  in  pleuro -pneumonia, 
covering  small  areas  or  the  entire  breast  and  the  region  of  the  right  lobe 
of  the  liver.  Placingthe  earon  the  chest  one  hears  a  heavy  harsh  breath- 
ing mixed  with  other  sounds,  whistling,  rattling,  or  at  the  moment  of 
inspiration,  an  exceedingly  characteristic  tone  which  Harms  has  named 
"Guurksen"  (cloc  cloc  of  Hartenstein),  and  which  one  hears  when  he 
presses  and  shakes  bladders  filled  with  liquid.  In  liver  echinococcus 
the  labored  breathing  is  generally  absent,  but  digestive  troubles  are 
present,  appetite  and  rumination  become  irregular;  intestinal  catarrh, 
indigestion;  a  yellowish  color  of  the  eyes  are  noticed.  (Abstracts  from 
Ziirn  (1882,  p.  136)  and  others;  Harm's  Die  Echinococcus-Krankheit  des 
Eindes,  1870,  is  not  accessible  here.) 

A  rectal  exploration  occasionally  shows  an  enormously  enlarged  liver, 
and  thus  directs  suspicion  to  the  disease. 

In  ante- mortem  examinations  hydatid  disease  of  the  lungs  in  cattle 


FIG.  110.— Lymphatics  of  a  steer  infested  with  the  so-called  "Tongue  worm  "  (Lingvatula  rhinaria. 
(After  Ostertag,  1895,  p.  434,  fig.  102.) 

may  be  mistaken  for  pleuro-pneurnonia,  but  in  the  latter  disease  the 
sounds  upon  percussion  are  deeper  and  duller  than  in  the  former  dis- 
ease. It  will.be  recalled  that  contagious  pleuro-pneumonia  is  not  found 
in  the  United  States. 

For  differential  diagnosis  in  post-mortem  examinations,  see  page  121. 

Hydatid  disease  in  sheep. — Very  little  is  written  upon  this  subject, 
but  from  the  data  published  the  symptoms  shown  by  sheep  are  as  vague 
and  indefinite  as  those  exhibited  by  cattle. 

Feebleness,  dullness,  and  indifference,  though  these  may  not  be  very  marked, 
except  at  the  last  stages  of  the  malady,  when  the  animal  is  cachectic.  There  are 
frequent  tympanites,  and  pruritus  at  various  points;  the  wool  is  dry  and  brittle  and 
easily  pulled  out,  and,  in  general,  the  symptoms  are  confounded  with  those  offascio- 
liasis  (dlstomatosls).  (Neumann.) 


120 


INSPECTION    OF    MEATS    FOR    ANIMAL    PARASITES. 


Hydatid  disease  in  swine. — No  particular  symptoms  have  been  de- 
scribed for  bydatid  disease  in  swine. 

Pathology. — The  pathological  lesions  naturally  vary  according  to  the 
organs  in  which  the  parasites  are  situated.  There  may  be  an  enormous 
increase  in  the  size  and  weight  of  the  lungs  or  liver.  The  normal 
weight  of  the  liver  of  an  ox  is  about  5  kilograms  (11  pounds),  but 
hydatid  livers  have  been  recorded  which  weighed  50  kilograms  (110 

pounds),  130  pounds,  145  to 
14G  pounds,  and  even  158 
pounds.  A  pig's  liver  weighs 
on  an  average  about  2  kilo 
grams  (4.4  pounds)  when  nor- 
mal, but  hydatid  livers  have 
been  recorded  weighing  50  to 
100  pounds.  A  steer's  lungs, 
normal  weight  C  pounds,  may 
increase  to  40  or  54  pounds. 

The  increase  in  size  of  these 
organs  by  the  growth  of  the 
parasites  naturally  causes  a 
displacement  of  other  organs ; 
the  curvature  of  the  dia 
phragm  is  changed;  the  in- 
testines may  be  compressed 
and  constricted;  adhesions 
may  form ;  the  surface  of  the 
organs  containing  the  para- 
sites naturally  assumes  an  ab-  ; 
normal  outline,  bulging  out  at 
points  corresponding  to  the 
hydatids. 

The  hydatids  themselves 
cause  an  atrophy  of  the  spe- 
cific tissue  of  the  organ,  the 
connective  tissue  of  which 
proliferates  and  forms  a  cap- 
sule immediately  surrounding 
the  parasite;  the  surface  of 
this  capsule  is  smooth  and 
glistening,  and  entirely  sepa- 
rated from  the  cuticle  of  the  cyst,  so  that  with  care  the  parasite  may 
be  freed  without  injury ;  the  capsule  grows  in  thickness  from  1  to  10  mm. 
After  a  time  the  cysts  may  undergo  degeneration ;  the  entire  body  may 
be  replaced  by  a  caseous  or  gelatinous  amorphic  mass  in  which  hooks 
or  remnants  of  the  cuticle  may  be  found.  The  multilocular  echinococ- 
cus  presents  an  appearance  differing  from  that  of  the  ordinary  form 
and  resembling  a  cauliflower  to  some  extent. 


FIG.  111. — Portions  of  an  adnlt  Flat  Moniezia  (Moniezia 
pianissimo,).  (After  Stiles  &.  Hassall,  1893,  PL  1,  fig.  1). 
See  p.  127. 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OP  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.   121 

Differential  diagnosis. — In  post-mortem  examination,  hydatid  disease, 
especially  of  the  lungs,  may  occasionally  be  mistaken  for  tuberculosis, 
more  particularly  when  the  hydatids  are  very  young  and  numerous,  or 
degenerated;  in  tuberculosis,  however,  (1)  the  neighboring1  lymphatics 
will  generally  be  involved,  which  is  not  the  case  in  hydatid  disease, 
while  (2)  in  hydatid  disease  the  parasite  is  generally  easily  separated 
from  its  surrounding  capsule,  (3)  the  elastic  cuticular  membrane  is  lam- 
ellated.  and  (4)  a  microscopic  examination  will  in  some  cases  show  the 
hooks  of  the  heads.  See  also  p.  79. 

Treatment. — It  is  useless  to  waste  time  in  trying  to  treat  a  domesti- 
cated animal  in  which  echinococcus  is  suspected  unless  the  animal  is  an 
especially  valuable  one,  and  unless  the  parasite  is  located  in  an  organ 
which  can  be  reached  by  surgical  interference. 

A  number  of  methods  for  treatment  in  man  have  been  suggested  from  time  to  time, 
but  surgical  interference  is  the  only  one  which  has  been  followed  by  satisfactory 
results.     For  a  discussion  of  this  sub- 
ject with  citation   of  cases,   see    Da- 
vaine  (1879,  pp.  592-663). 

P™«««m.-Keep  dog*  away 
from  slaughterhouses.  This  will 
prevent  their  becoming  infected 
with  the  tapeworms,  and  thus 

prevent    their    transmitting    the     KG.  112, -Three  views  of  heads  of  the  Flat  Monie/ia 

(Moniezia pianissimo.).    X17.    (After  Stiles  &Has- 

parasite   to  man    and   animals.      8aii,  isos,  PL  i,  figs.  2-26.)  see  p.m. 

Stray  dogs  should  be  killed ;   all 

other  dogs  should  be  looked  upon  as  suspicious  characters,  and  should 

not  be  accorded  the  privileges  of  human  beings. 

ABATTOIR   INSPECTION. 

Organs  infested  with  echinococcus  are  not  directly  harmful  to  man  as 
food,  since  the  parasite  will  not  come  to  maturity  in  man's  intestine,  and 
there  is  no  objection  to  placing  these  organs  on  the  market  after  the 
portion  containing  the  parasite  has  been  removed.  Removing  and 
destroying  the  infected  portions  are  precautions  which  should  always 
e  taken  in  order  to  prevent  the  possibility  of  the  further  infection  of 
dogs. 

The  abattoir  is  the  proper  place  to  attack  this  disease,  and  a  careful 
and  persistent  destruction  of  the  larval  stage  found  in  meat  inspection 
must  finally  result  in  lessening  and  even  exterminating  the  disease. 
Heat  should  be  used  in  destroying  the  parasite. 

Frequency  of  the  hydatid  in  various  animals. — The  frequency  of  hy- 
datid varies  greatly  in  different  countries.  According  to  statistics  thus 
far  published  the  parasite  appears  to  be  most  frequent  in  Iceland,  India, 
Eastern  Siberia,  and  Australia;  it  is  more  common  in  Mecklenburg 

I  i  An  infection  of  the  lymphatics  (fig.  110)  with  the  so-called  "Tongue  worm"  (Lin- 
gnatula  rh'uiaria)  should  not  be  mistaken  for  tuberculosis. 


122  INSPECTION    OF    MEATS    FOR    ANIMAL    PARASITES. 

than  in  any  other  part  of  continental  Europe.    The  United  States  seems 
to  be  comparatively  free  from  hydatid  infection,  although  the  disease  is, 
apparently  on  the  increase. 

United  States. — I  have  seen  cases  of  hydatids  in  this  country  in  cattle, 
hogs,  the  camel,  and  man,  but  as  yet  have  seen  no  cases  in  sheep. 
Wheeler  records  117  cases  of  liver  echinococcus  in  2,000  hogs  examined 
at  New  Orleans;  the  cases  in  domesticated  animals  which  I  have 
examined  came  from  the  District  of  Columbia,  Missouri,  and  Nebraska; 
Welch  records  it  for  Maryland  and  several  of  the  Bureau  inspectors 
report  it  for  various  abattoirs.  (For  the  cases  in  man,  see  p.  124.) 

Iceland. — The  statistics  for  Iceland  are  not  altogether  satisfactory, 
but  it  is  alleged  that  in  some  districts  every  sheep  of  three  years  old  is 
infested,  while  it  is  an  exception  to  find  a  cow  ten  years  old  which  is 
free  from  this  parasite;  in  some  districts  it  is  estimated  that  about 
one-third  of  the  sheep  are  infested;  one  author  estimates  that  one-fourth 
are  infested. 

India. — Seventy  per  cent  of  the  cattle  are  infested  (Neumann). 

Germany. — The  statistics  for  Germany  are  more  detailed  than  for  any 
other  country;  it  must,  however,  be  borne  in  mind  that  while  some 


•fy. 

FIG.  113. — Dorsal  view  of  sexually  mature  segment  of  the  Flat  Moniezia  (Moniezia  pianissimo,) :  cp, 
cirrus  pouch;  dc,  dorsal  canal;  yp,  genital  pores ;  ig,  interproglottidal  glands;  n,  nerve;  ov,  ovary; 
rs,  receptaculum  seminis;  sg,  shell  gland;  t,  testicles;  v,  vagina;  vc,  ventral  canal ;  vd,  vas  defer 
ens ;  vg,  vitellogene  gland.  Enlarged.  (After  Stiles  &  Hassall,  1893,  PL  II,  fig.  4.) 

German  statistics  include  the  whole  number  "of  animals  slaughtered 
and  the  entire  number  of  cases  found,  other  statistics  leave  out  the 
calves  and  omit  from  the  list  those  cases  of  light  infection  in  which  the 
portion  containing  the  parasite  could  be  excised  and  the  rest  of  the 
organ  placed  upon  the  market.  The  following  statistics  are  compiled 
from  various  sources : 

Peiper  (1894)  takes  the  statistics  of  52  slaughterhouses  in  various  parts  of  Germany 
and  concludes  that  10.39  per  cent  of  the  cattle,  9.83  per  cent  of  the  sheep,  and  6.47 
per  cent  of  the  hogs  harbor  hydatids;  the  average  for  Greifswald,  Wolgast,  Auklani, 
Demmin,  and  Swinemiinde  (Vorpommern)  was:  Cattle,  37.73  per  cent;  sheep,  27.1 
per  cent;  hogs,  12.8  per  cent;  for  Greifswald  alone,  cattle,  64.58  per  cent;  sheep, 
51.02  per  cent;  hogs,  4.93  per  cent. 

Mecklenburg. — About  half  of  the  animals  are  infested  (Sahhnann).  Cows  infested 
to  25  per  cent,  sheep  15  per  cent,  hogs  5  per  cent  (Metelmann). 

Stettin.— Cows  (293:1425),  7.1  per  cent;  hogs  (1238:16829),  7.3  per  cent;  sheep 
(3807 : 14717),  25.8  per  cent  (Olt). 

Leipzig  (one  year). — Sheep  (591:4515),  13.09  per  cent;  native  hogs  (196:5166),  3.79 
per  cent;  Hungarian  hogs  (181:843),  27.47  per  cent.  In  native  hogs  the  liver  (3.81 
per  cent)  was  more  frequently  infected  than  the  lungs  (0.26  per  cent) ;  in  Hungarian 
hogs  liver,  12.03  per  cent;  lungs,  14.79  per  cent;  in  sheep  the  lungs  (12.71  per  cent) 
were  more  frequently  infested  than  the  liver  (3.73  per  cent).  (Mejer.) 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.   123 


The  Berlin  statistics  (quoted  from  Braun,  1895,  who  takes  them  from 
the  Berichte  iiber  die  stiidtisehe  Fleischbeschau  in  Berlin)  are  espe- 
cially instructive;  they  are  here  reduced  to  percentages  in  order  to 
bring'  out  the  results  more  prominently: 

'.':   dumber  of  organs  of  cattle,  sheep,  and  hoys  condemned  for  hydatids  from  1888  to  189S. 
CATTLE  (CALVES  NOT  INCLUDED). 


Year. 

Number 
examined. 

Condemned  for  hydatida. 

Lungs. 

Livers. 

Number. 

Per  cent. 

Number.  Per  cent. 

1K88-89                                       

141,  814 
154,  218 
124,  593 
136,  368 
142,  874 

6,578 
7,266 
5,792 
4,497 
2,563 

4.6 
4.7 
4.6 
3.2 
1.7 

2,668  >              1.8 
2,418                1.5 
1.  938                1.  5 
1,  721                1.  2 
739                  .5 

188!)  90               '                        

1891191                                     

1891  o>)                                 

189"  9;j                   .         

SHEEP. 


1888  89     

338,  798 

5,041 

1.4 

3,363 

0.9 

188')  00                      

430,  362 

5,479 

1.2 

2,742 

.6 

1890  91   

371,  943 

4,595 

1.2 

2,059 

.5 

1801  92               

367,  933 

4,435 

1.2 

1,669 

.4 

189''-9:j             

355,  949 

3,331 

.9 

1,161 

.3 

HOGS. 


\  1888  89             ,.'....•  

479,  124 

5,910 

1.2 

5,285 

1.1 

i  1889  90             '-• 

442,  115 

6,  523 

1.4 

5,078 

1.1 

J890  91              

472,  859 

5,083 

1.07 

3,735 

.07 

1891  92              .    

530.  551 

6,037 

1.1 

4,374 

.08 

1892  93             

518,  073 

6,785 

1.3 

4,312 

.08 

I  1893-94  in  all  13,424  lungs  and  6,283  livers.  (Berichte  ii.  d.  stiidtische  Vieh-  u. 
!  Schlacbthf.) 

i  These  statistics  show  that  from  1888-89  to  1892-93  there  has  been 
k'a  reduction  in  the  number  of  organs  condemned  for  hydatids  both  in 
[  cattle  and  sheep,  which  must  be  attributed  to  the  system  of  abat- 
Roir  inspection,  and  which  must  necessarily  result  in  a  corresponding 
Iflecrease  in  hydatid  disease  in  man.  This  reduction  is  not  so  apparent 
ffl&moDg  hogs,  but  it  -must  not  be  forgotten  that  Berlin  slaughters  large 
Kmmbers  of  hogs  imported  from  districts  in  which  the  slaughterhouse 
inspection  is  exceedingly  superficial.  We  saw  above  that  some  Ger- 
•nan  importations  of  hogs  from  Russian  Poland,  Bohemia,  etc.,  were 
mn feet ed  with  Cysticercus  cellulosae  to  50  per  cent,  and  hogs  which  are 
Kept  in  such  a  manner  as  to  allow  this  infection  will  certainly  also  bring 
np  the  German  statistics  of  hydatids.  I  am  strongly  inclined  to  give 
Bunch  greater  importance  to  the  Berlin  statistics  than  appears  from  the 

percentages  of  infection  among  the  hogs. 

THE   ADULT   TAPEWORM   IN   DOGS. 

(See  p.  101.)  It  seems  to  me  entirely  impracticable  to  attempt  to 
•guard  against  hydatid  disease  by  trying  to  definitely  diagnose  the  pres- 
Kuce  of  the  adult  worms  in  dogs.  If,  however,  the  worm  is  found  in 


124 


INSPECTION    OF    MEATS    FOR    ANIMAL    PARASITES. 


dogs,  the  latter  should  be  killed  and  burned.  The  hydatid  is  altogether! 
too  dangerous  a  parasite  in  man  to  warrant  a  person's  treating  a  <log 
which  harbors  Taenia  echinococcm. 

A  decision  of  the  "  Professoren-Kollegium  des  Tierarznei-Instituts  xn  Uriisse],"',' 
tliongh  amusing  to  Americans,  is  of  great  importance  to  any  country  in  which  caniuen 
flesh  is  used  as  food ;  that  is,  that  the  oesophagus,  stomach,  and  intestine  of  all  slaugh-B 
tered  dogs  are  to  be  excluded  from  the  market. 

HYDATID   DISEASE   IN   MAN. 

It  is  important  to  consider  this  subject  in  this  connection  in  order  toj 
insist  upon  the  necessity  of  destroying  hydatid s  found  at  abattoirs.! 
Hydatid  disease  is  the  most  fatal  zoo-parasitic  disease  which  affects! 
man,  "50  per  cent  of  the  cases  dying  within  five  years  after  infection,"  i 
but  its  occurrence  in  man  is  fortunately  comparatively  rare  in  this  coun-j 
try.  One  of  the  volunteer  assistants  in  the  Bureau,  Dr.  H.  O.  Somnieri 
(1895-96),  has  recently  compiled  100  cases  which  have  been  found  iul 
the  United  States.  Many  of  the  cases  were  among  foreigners,  and  some| 
of  these  were  certainly  infested  before  coming  to  this  country. 

The  100  cases  in  the  United  States  were  distributed  as  follows: 

BT  NATIONALITY. 


Nationa'ity. 

Cases. 

Nationality. 

Cases. 

Nationality. 

Cases.; 

1 

Italian 

5' 

Welsh 

1 

1 

1 

"White" 

I 

5 

Mexican  f  

1 

Unstated  

51 

2  i 

2 

2 

2 

Total  

100 

15 

Pole                

1 

Irish               .            

2 

Swede  

1 

By  sex :  Males,  47 ;  females,  28 ;  unstated,  25. 

BT  STATES. 


State. 

Cases. 

State. 

Cases. 

State. 

Cases. 

2 
1 

1 
4 
3 

1 
2 

Louisiana  
Massachusetts  

I(or2?) 
5  (or  6?) 
7 
1 
1 
33 
7 

Pennsylvania  
Tennessee  

10 

1(+»J 

1 
15 

District  of  Columbia  

Michigan    

Vermont  

Virginia  

New  York  

Washington  

Ohio 

Of  981  cases  from  various  parts  of  the  world,  the  greatest  number] 
occurred  in  persons  between  21  and  40  years  of  age,  as  shown  by  the 
following  classification  by  ages: 


Years. 

Cases. 

Years. 

Cases. 

0  to  10 

54 

51  to  60     

82 

11  to  20 

152 

6i  to  70  

36 

21  to  30 

274 

71  to  81  

18 

31  to  40 

225 

Over  80  

2 

41  to  50 

138 

FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.   125 


hi  mail  the  organs  most  frequently  infested  are  the  liver,  lungs,  kid- 
neys, and  cranial  cavity.  Thus,  of  1,806  cases  of  organ  infections,  the 
liver  was  infested  in  1,011  cases,  lungs  in  147,  kidneys  in  126,  and  cra- 
nial cavity  in  95. 

Hydatid  disease  is  especially  common  in  Iceland  and  Australia.  For 
i  Iceland  the  statistics  are  very  contradictory,  some  authors  estimating 
that  2  per  cent,  others  16f  per  cent  (probably  exaggerated),  of  the  inhab- 
itants are  infested.  Three  thousand  cases  are  reported  for  Australia 
Between  1861  and  1882. 

In  central  Europe  the  hydatid  is  found  on  an  average  once  in  every 
lJ.30  post-mortems.  The  frequency  varies  in  different  localities,  Meck- 
lenburg and  Poinerania  leading  the  list.  Ostertag  gives  the  following 
statistics : 


Locality. 

Cases.' 

Post-mor- 
tems. 

Per  cent. 

Rostock  

25 

1,025 

2.43 

20 

1,360 

1.47 

33 

4,470 

0.76 

3 

639 

.46 

7 

2,002 

.34 

3 

1,229 

.24 

3 

1,287 

.23 

Erlan  "en  

2 

1,812 

.11 

Peiper  collected  150  cases  for  Vorpommern  from  1860  to  1890 ;  in  post- 
mortems at  the  Pathological  Institute  of  Greifswald  the  percentage 
was  1.9. 

:  Prevention  of  the  disease  in  man. — The  disease  may  be  prevented  in 
three  ways — 

(1)  By  recalling  that  the  dog  is  not  a  human  being  and  should  not 
be  treated  as  one.  Too  intimate  association  with  dogs  is  sure  to  breed 
the  disease  in  man. 

'  (2)  By  preventing  infection  among  dogs.  This  can  be  done  by  keep- 
ing dogs  away  from  slaughterhouses,  and  by  the  destruction  (by  heat) 
pf  all  hydatids  found  in  slaughtered  animals.  The  slaughterhouse  is 
Ifche  best  place  to  institute  measures  against  hydatid  disease  in  man. 

(3)  By  killing  all  stray  and  ownerless  dogs. 

Adult  Tapeworms  of  Cattle  and  Sheep  (Subfamily  Anoplocephalinae). 

Adult  tapeworms  are  more  or  less  frequently  found  in  the  intestines 
Lot'  cattle  and  sheep,  more  rarely  in  the  bile  duct  of  sheep.  As  stated 
[on  page  68,  they  all  belong  to  the  subfamily  Anoplocephalinae;  they 
[are  very  closely  related  to  the  tapeworms  of  horses,  hares,  and  rabbits, 
[and  yet  are  entirely  distinct  from  these  forms.  » 

[  Owing  to  many  misidentincations  of  tapeworms  which  have  been  published,  and 
to  the  meagre  descriptions  of  some  of  the  species,  it  is  impossible  to  state  exactly 
how  many  different  forms  actually  occur  in  cattle  and  sheep,  but  we  are  now  in  a 
position  to  clearly  define  the  most  common  forms  which  occur,  especially  those  which 
are  found  in  this  country,  and  to  suppress  some  of  the  worms  which  have  been 


126 


INSPECTION    OF    MEATS    FOR    ANIMAL    PARASITES. 


tt 


described  as  distinct  species  of  parasites  in  these  animals,  but  which  in  reality  are 
identical  with  forme  previously  described  under  other  names,  or  are  parasites  erro- 
neously attributed  to  these  hosts. 

Cattle. — Eight  different  species  of  tapeworm  have 
been  reported  from  cattle,  but  in  all  probability  only 
four  of  them  are  found  in  this  host;  these  four  spe- 
cies all  belong  to  the  genus  Moniezia,  and  two  of- 
them,  namely,  Moniezia  pianissimo,  and  M.  expansa, 
are  found  in  this  country. 

This  Bureau  has  knowledge  of  only  two  adult  tapeworms 
in  American  cattle,  but  I  have  examined  specimens  of  three 
other  species,  namely,  Moniezia  alba,  M.  Benedeni,  and  J/.  den-' 
liculata,  preserved  in  various  European  collections  and  bear- 
ing the  label  that  they  were  taken  from  cattle.      Of  these 
three  forms,tJV.  denticulata  (=Cittotaenia  denticulata)  is  un-j 
questionably  a  parasite  of  rabbits  instead  of  cattle  (Stiles  & 
Hassall,  1896),   and  an   error  must  have  been  made  in  the] 
original  label ;  M.  alba  and  M.  Benedeni  are  evidently  legiti- 
mate cattle  parasites.     Rivolta  (1878)  states  that  he  examined 
a  tapeworm  collected  by  Perroncito  from  the  ox  which  he 
(Rivolta)  considered  identical  with  a  worm  he  at  first  labeled 
"  Taenia  denticulata  ( ?)"  and  which   he  later  described   as 
Taenia  ovilla  (—Thysanosoma  Giardi).     Perroncito  has,  how- 
ever, recently  stated  to  Lungewitz  (1895,  p.  6)  that  he  found 
this  worm  only  in  sheep.     Thysanosoma  Giardi  is  accordingly 
not  yet  established  as  a  bovine  parasite.     Von  Linstow  (1889, 
p.  20)  includes  two  other  tapeworms,  namely,  Stilesia  centri- 
punctata  and  S.  ylobipttnctata,  as  parasites  of  cattle,  but  I  aui; 
unable  to  find  the  authority  for  this  statement. 

Sheep. — A  large  number  of  tapeworms  have  been 
described  or  recorded  as  parasites  of  sheep,  but  the 
number  of  species  must  be  considerably  reduced, 
for  some  of  the  forms  described  as  distinct  species 
are  identical  with  forms  previously  described  under 
other  names,  while  other  forms 
were  misdetermined.  Four 
species,  namely,  Moniezia  plan- 
issima,  M.  expansa,  M.  trigo- 
nophora,  and  Thysanosoma 
actinioides,  are  known  to  occur 
in  American  sheep. 

Several  other  forms,  namely,  Mon- 
iezia alba,  M.  Benedeni,  M.  Neumanni, 
M.  nullicollis,  M.  Vogti,  Thysanosoma 
Giarai,  Stilesia  centripunctata,  and 

S.  globijmnctata,  occur  in  sheep  in  other  countries.  Mon- 
iezia denticulata  (=Cittotaenia  denticitlata)  of  the  rabbit 
has  erroneously  been  reported  from  sheep  in  Europe. 

Sicine. — No  species  of  adult  tapeworm  is  positively  known  to  be  a 
normal  parasite  in  swine,  but  Cholodkowsky  (1894,  pp.  552-554)  records 


FIG.  114.— Dorsal  view  of 
gravid  segments  of  the 
Flat  Moniezia  (Moniezia 
planiiiiima) ,  showing 
the  uterus,  enlarged. 
(After  Stiles  &  Hassall, 
1893,  PL  II,  fig.  5.) 


FIG.  115.— Egg  of  the  Flat 
Moiiiezia  ( Moniezia  pianis- 
simo,), greatly  enlarged 
(After  Stiles  &  Hassall 
1893,  PL  II,  fig.  6.) 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.   127 


specimens  of  Tliysanosoma  Giardi  said  to  have  been  taken  from  hogs  in 
Eussia,  and  Detmers  (1879),  and  Stiles  (1895,  pp. 
220-222)  have  recorded  three  cases  of  other  forms 
alleged  to  have  occurred  in  this  country. 

The  three  genera  of  adult  tapeworms  for  us  to 
consider  in  connection  with  cattle,  sheep,  and  swine 
are  Moniezia,  Thysanosoma,  and  Stilesia. 

For  a  technical  discussion  of  these  genera  and  their  species, 

with  bibliographies,  see  Stiles  &  Hassall  (1893)  and  Stiles 

(1896).  For  convenience  of  discussion,  all  of  the  forms  will 
ibe  treated  together.  For  anatomical  characters,  compare 
[figs.  111-124  with  the  key,  page  21. 

GENUS  MONIEZIA. 

It  is  often  quite  difficult  to  distinguish  between  the  differ- 
ent forms,  as  the  specific  characters  must  to  a  great  extent 
bo  taken  from  the  internal  anatomy,  and  it  is  therefore 
necessary  to  make  a  microscopic  examination  of  one  or  more 
specimens  which  have  been  artificially  stained.  In  many 
cases,  however,  these  characters  maybe  recognized  if  a  fresh 
worm  is  allowed  to  macerate  one  or  two  days  in  water;  then 
by  pressing  some  of  the  segments  between  two  pieces  of  glass 
and  holding  them  to  the  light  some  of  the  internal  anatomy 
'•  can  be  recognized. 

24.  The   White   Moniezia  (Moniezia   alba)  of   Cattle 
and  Sheep. 

SYNONYMY. — Taenia  alba  Perroncito,  1879;  Moniezia  aJba 
(Perroncito)  R.  Blanchard,  1891;  (?)  M.  alba  var.  dubia 
Moniez,  1891. 

This  tapeworm  has  been  recorded  for  France,  Italy,  and 
Algeria,  but  not  as  yet  for  this  country.  Poorly  preserved 
specimens  of  M.  planissima  resemble  this  form  in  that  the 
iuterproglottidal  glands  can  not  be  seen  distinctly.  This 
renders  it  possible  that  M.  alba  is  simply  a  poorly  preserved 
M.planissima — a  point  which  can  not,  however,  be  demon- 
strated by  a  comparison  of  the  original  types;  on  this  ac- 
count, it  is  necessary  to  retain  both  species. 


25.  Vogt's  Moniezia  (Moniezia  Vogtl)  of  Sheep. 
SYNONYMY.  —  Taenia    1'ogii   Moniez,     1879;    Anoplocephala 


(Moniez)  Moniez,  1891;   Moniezia  Voyti  (Moniez)  Stiles 
&  Hassall,  1896. 

Very  little  is  known  about  this  supposed  species,  which 
nay  bo  a  distinct  form  or  may  be  a  dwarfed  specimen  or 
eonio  other  species.  It  has  been  found  once  in  France  and 
once  in  England,  but  is  not  yet  recorded  for  America. 

26.  The  Flat  Moniezia  (Moniezia  pianissimo)  of  Cattle 
and  Sheep. 
[Figs.  111-115.] 

SYNONYMY.  —  Moniezia  planissima  Stiles  &  Hassall,  1892; 
Taenia  (Moniezia)  pianissimo,  (Stiles  &  Hassall)  Braun,  1895; 
T.  expansa  pro  parte  of  various  authors. 
Tliis  seems  to  be  the  most  common  adult  tapeworm  in  American  cattle;  it  also 


FIG.  116 — P ortions  of  an 
adult  specimen  of  the 
Broad  Moniezia  (Moniezia 
expansa),  natural  size. 
(After  Stiles  &  Hassall, 
1893,  PI.  VI,  flg.l.) 


128  INSPECTION    OF    MEATS    FOR    ANIMAL    PARASITES. 

occurs  in  American  sheep,  but  is  apparently  not  so  common  iu  tins  host.     It  is  found 
also  in  France,  Germany,  and  Italy. 

27.  Van  Benedeii's  Moniezia  (Moniezia  Benedeni)  of  Cattle  and  Sheep. 

SYNONYMY. — Taenia  Kenedeni  Monie/,  1879;  Moniezia  Benedeni  (Moniez)  R.  Blanch- 
ard,  1891. 

This  worm  was  recorded  once  for  sheep  in  France  and  once  for  cattle  in  Austria. 

28.  Neumann's  Moniezia  (Moniezia  Xenmanni)  of  Sheep. 

This  worm  was  described  by  Monie/,  in  1891,  and  has  been  recorded  only  onc<>.  It 
was  found  in  France. 

29.  The  Broad  Moniezia  (Moniezia  expansa)  of  Cattle,  Sheep,  Goats,  etc. 

[Figs.  116-119.] 

SYNONYMY. —  ?  Taenia  orina  Goeze,  1782;  ?  Halysis  ovina  (Goeze)  Zeder,  1803;  ?  T. 
expansa  Rudolphi,  1805  (nonien  nudum);  T.  expansa  Rudolphi,  1810;  Alyselminthus 
ejrpansus  (Rudolphi)  Blainville,  1828;  Moniezia  ejrpansa  (Rudolphi)  R.  Blanchard, 
1891;  Taenia  (Moniezia)  expansa  of  Braun,  1895. 

This  worm  is  quite  common  in  America  and  Europe,  both  in  cattle  and  sheep. 

30.  The  Triangle  Moniezia  (Moniezia  triyonopliora)  of  Sheep. 
[Figs.  120-121.] 

SYNONYMY. — Moniezia  triyonopliora  Stiles  «fe  Hassall,  1893;  Taenia  (Moniezia)  tri- 
gonophora  (Stiles  &  Hassall)  Braun,  1895.  Also  T.  expansa  and  T.  Benedeni  pro  parte 
of  some  authors. 

This  is  rather  a  common  parasite  of  American  sheep,  and  is  also  found  in  France. 
It  takes  its  name  from  the  triangular  arrangement  of  the  testicles.  I  have  seen  one 
serious  outbreak  of  disease  in  sheep  due  in  part  to  this  parasite  and  in  part  to  the 
twisted  wireworm  (Strongylus  contortus)  of  the  stomach. 

Genus  THYSANOSOMA. 

Represented  by  one  species  in  North  America  and  South  America  and  one  species 
in  Europe. 

31.  The  Fringed  Tapeworm  (Tliysanosoma  actinioides)  of  Sheep,  Deer,  etc. 

[Figs.  122-124.] 

SYNONYMY. — Thysanosoma  actinioides  Diesing,  1835;  Taenia  fimbriata  Diesing,  1850 
[nee  Batsch,  1786];  "  Taenia  expansa"  misdet.  pro  parte,  of  Faville,  1885;  Moniezia 
fimlriata  (Diesing)  Moniez,  1891. 

The  Fringed  Tapeworm  is  found  in  North  America  and  South  America,  and  forms 
at  times  a  veritable  scourge  to  the  sheep  industry  of  the  Western  plains. 

Disease. — The  disease  in  sheep  caused  by  the  Fringed  Tapeworm  has 
been  studied  in  detail  by  Curtice  (1890,  pp.  91-109),  who  considers  that 
next  to  scab  it  is  the  most  important  sheep  disease  of  the  Western 
plains.  The  financial  loss  it  causes  is  quite  extensive,  and  results  from 
the  failure  of  the  lambs  to  fatten,  the  lessening  of  the  wool,  and  the 
weakening  of  the  animals  so  that  they  can  not  withstand  the  cold  win- 
ter weather.  The  parasites  develop  slowly,  and  are  present  in  consid- 
erable numbers  before  their  presence  is  suspected.  Toward  September 
the  lambs  fail  to  grow  as  they  should;  in  November  the  symptoms  are 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.   129 


FIG.  117.— Three  views  of  the  head  of  the  Broad.  Moniezia 
(Moniezia  expansa).  X17.  (After  Stiles,  1893,  PI.  V, 
figs.  1-16.)  See  p.  128. 


quite  marked.  First,  the  worms  produce  a  local  irritation  of  tlie  intes- 
tine, which  finally  develops  into  a  chronic  catarrhal  inflammation; 
their  presence  in  the  gall  ducts  produces  similar  results  and  obstructs 
the  flow  of  bile;  infected  lambs  are  large  headed,  undersized,  and  hide- 
bound; their  gait  is  rheumatic  and  they  appear  more  foolish  than  the 
other  sheep,  standing  of- 
tener  to  stamp  at  the  sheep 
dogs  or  herders,  and  lag- 
ging behind  the  flock  when 
driven;  the  general  symp- 
toms are  those  of  malnutri- 
tion, and  Curtice  considers 
them  nearly  identical  with 
the  symptoms  of  the  loco 
disease";  in  fact,  he  states 

that  it  is  extremely  difficult  I  \ 

to  distinguish  between  the 
two  diseases,  and  believes 
that  the  fact  that  the  worms 
"may  tend  to  produce  de- 
praved appetites  and  a  morbid  craze  for  a  particular  food  is  also 
reason  for  suspecting  that  the  loco  disease  may  depend  on  the  tape- 
worm disease."  General  systematic  disturbances  result  from  malnu- 
trition; the  usual  fat  is  absent;  serous  effusions  are  noticed  in  the 
body  cavities,  serous  infiltration  in  the  connective  tissue. 

Treatment.  —  Curtice 
found  that  powdered 
preparations  of  pumpkin 
seed,  pomegranate-root 
bark,  cusso,  k  a  m  a  1  a, 
male  fern,  and  worm  seed 
were  of  no  avail,  a  failure 
due,  he  maintains,  to  the 
anatomical  structure  of 
the  sheep's  stomach  and 
"*&£'•• -:-;K&  method  of  administration; 

FIG.  118  -Sexually  mature  segments  of  the  Broad  Moniezia     ^  medidne  COUld  be  USed 
(Moniezia  expansa):  cp,  cirrus  pouch;  ig,  mterproglottidal 

glands;  rs,  receptaculum  seminis;  sg,  shell  gland;  t,  testi-     to  dislodge   the   parasites 
cles;    v,  vagina;    vg,  vitellogene  gland.    Enlarged.    (After     from  the  S'all  ducts 
Stiles,  1893,  PI.  VI,  fig.  4.)    See  p.  128. 

Personally,  I  have  never 

treated  sheep  for  the  Fringed  Tapeworm,  but  I  would  suggest  the 
advisability  of  trying  the  method  described  on  pp.  133-135. 

32.  Giard's  Thysanosoma  ( Thysanosoma  Giardi)  of  Cattle(?),  Sheep,  and  Swine( ?). 

SYNONYMY. — Taenia  o'villa  Kivolta,  1878  [nee  Gmelin,  1790]  ;    T.   Giardi  Moniez, 
1879;  T.  aculeata  Perroncito,  1882;  Moniezia  ovilla  (Rivolta)  Moniez,  1891;  M.  ocilla 
5257— No,  19 9 


130  INSPECTION    OF    MEATS    FOR   ANIMAL   PARASITES. 

vur.  madlcnta  Moiiiez,  1891;  Thysanosoma  (iiardi  (Mouiez)  Stiles,  1893;  Th.  onlla 
(Rivolta)  Railliet,  1893;  Taenia  Brandtl  Cholodkowsky,  1894;  Th.  ovillum  (Rivolta) 
Railliet,  1895. 

This  peculiar  tapeworm  has  been  found  in  sheep  in  France,  Italy,  Germany,  and 
Russia,  and  has  been  recorded  once  in  hogs ;  its  occurrence  as  a  normal  parasite  in 
both  hogs  and  cattle  is  doubtful.  (See  pp.  126-127.) 

Genus  STILESIA. 

Two  species  of  this  genus  are  found  in  sheep,  but  neither 'form  is  yet  recorded  for 
this  continent. 

33.   TheGlobipunctate  Stilesia  (Stilesia  ylobipunctata)  of  Cattle(?)  and  Sheep. 

SYNONYMY. — Taenia  globipunctata  Rivolta  (1874);    T.  oripunctata  Rivolta  (1874); 
Stilesia  ylobipunctata  (Rivolta)  Railliet,  1893. 
Found  in  sheep  in  Italy  and  India ;  its  occurrence  in  cattle  is  doubtful.    (See  p.  126.) 

34.  The  Centripunctate  Stilesia  (Stilesia  centripunctata)  of  Cattle(?)  and  Sheep. 

SYNONYMY. — Taenia  centripunctata  Rivolta  (1874);  Stilesia  centripunctata  (Rivolta) 
Railliet,  1893;  Taenia  (Slilesia)  centripunctata  of  Braun,  1895. 
Found  in  sheep  in  Italy  and  Algeria  ;  its  presence  in  cattle  is  doubtful.    (See  p.  126.) 


FIG.  119. — Gravid  segment  of  the  Broad  Moniezia  (Moniezia  expansa).  enlarged.-    (After  Stiles,  1893, 

1>1.  VI,  fig.  6.)     See  p.  128. 

Life  history. — Nothing  is  positively  known  about  the  life  history  of 
any  of  the  adult  tapeworms  of  cattle  or  sheep ;  but  from  analogy  we 
may  assume  that  the  life  cycle  is  similar  to  that  of  other  cestodes, 
namely,  that  the  parasite  runs  through  two  stages — the  adult  form,  in 
the  intestine  of  cattle  and  sheep,  and  a  larval  state  (a  cysticercus  or  a 
cysticercoid),  which  will  be  found  as  a  parasite  in  an  intermediate  host, 
probably  some  invertebrate  animal,  as  an  insect,  snail,  or  worm.  The 
intermediate  host  will  become  infected  from  the  eggs  in  the  faeces  of 
the  cattle  and  sheep,  and  the  latter  will  become  infected  by  accidentally 
swallowing  the  intermediate  host. 

While  this  is  what  seems  to  us  at  present  as  the  probable  life  history 
of  the  bovine  and  ovine  tapeworms,  it  must  be  distinctly  remembered 
that  no  one  has  as  yet  been  able  to  positively  make  out  the  complete 
life  cycle.  In  fact,  some  authors  (Curtice  and  others)  do  not  think  that 
it  is  necessary  for  these  worms  to  pass  through  any  intermediate  host, 
but  they  believe  that  the  embryos  (in  the  eggs)  are  swallowed  by  the 
cattle  and  develop  directly  into  adult  worms.  This  theory,  however,  is 
contrary  to  analogy,  and  although  this  Bureau  has  repeatedly  attempted 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.   131 


to  infect  animals  in  the  manner  indicated,  none  of  the  experiments  can  be 
looked  upon  as  supporting  Curtice's 
views,  for  we  were  unable  to  pro- 
duce an  infection. 

One  of  the  following  experiments, 
gh'en  as  illustrations,  might  at  first 
sight  seem  to  support  Curtice's 
theory,  but  can  equally  well  be  ex- 
plained otherwise: 

(1)  September  2,    1891. — A    6-months-old 
lamb  fed  with  thousands  ( ! !)  of  eggs  of  M. 
expansa. 

October  2. — Experiment  animal  showed 
ripe  proglottids  in  droppings.  The  infec- 
•  tion,  however,  was  totally  out  of  propor- 
tion to  tbe  number  of  embryos  fed,  so  that 
the  lamb  must  have  become  infected  in 
some  other  way. 

(2)  September  10. — Lamb  fed  with  thou- 
sands of  eggs  of  M.  expansa  at  three  differ- 
ent times  within  a  week. 

September  30.  —Lamb  killed  and  four-hour 
post-mortem  held.  Intestinal  villi,  etc., 
examined  microscopically.  Eesult  totally 
negative. 

(3)  September  10. — Lamb  fed  with  thou- 
sands   of  eggs  of   M.  expansa  five  times 
within  a  week.     Result  negative. 

Experiments  by  Curtice  and  Eu- 
ropean authors  must  also  be  consid- 
ered as  negative,  for  according  to  the 
published  accounts  of  the  infections 
[the  possible  sources  besides  direct 
ingestion  of  eggs  were  not  suffi- 
ciently controlled. 

TAPEWORM    DISEASE    OF   CATTLE 
AND   SHEEP. 


For  disease  caused  by  the  Fringed 
Tapeworm,  see  page  128. 

Source   of  infection. — It  will    be 

impossible    to    make    any    definite 

;  statements    upon   this  point    until 

:  thecomplete  life  history  of  the  worms 

is  known. 

Occurrence. — Tapeworms  are  found 
iin  cattle  and  sheep  of  all  ages  and 


FIG.  120.— Portions  of  an  adult  specimen  of  the 
Triangle  Moniezia  (Moniezia  trigonophora), 
natural  size.  (After  Stiles  &  Hassali  1893, 
PI.  VIII,  fig.  1.)  See  p.  128. 


at  all  times  of  the  year,  but  calves,  lambs,  and  yearlings  suffer  more 


132  INSPECTION    OF    MEATS    FOR    ANIMAL    PARASITES, 

from  the  effects  of  the  parasites  than  do  older  animals.  They  are  occa- 
sionally found  in  animals  in  stalls,  but  are  more  frequent  in  animals 
which  are  in  pasture,  and  are  not  so  frequent  in  the  winter  and  early 
spring  as  in  the  summer  and  fall.  Worms  (M.  expansa  or  If.  planissinm ) 
from  G  to  15  feet  long  have  been  found  in  lambs  two  to  four  months  old, 
so  that  these  parasites  must  grow  to  maturity  very  rapidly.  Curtice 
computes  the  average  growth  at  about  1  yard  per  month. 

Symptoms.— There  can  be  no  question  that  sheep  and  cattle  may  liar 
Tbor  a  small  number  of  tapeworms  with  comparatively  little  or  no  ill 
^effects,  for  these  worms  are  found  at  abattoirs  in  sheep  which  are  in 
excellent  condition  at  the  time  of  slaughter.  The  younger  the  animal 
and  the  greater  the  infection  with  worms,  the  more  serious  the  effects 
of  the  disease;  but  if  able  to  pass  through  a  certain  period  the  animals 
are  very  apt  to  recover,  for  the  worms  seem  to  shed  their  segments 
quite  suddenly,  leaving  the  hosts  with  but  small  tapeworm  strobila, 
and  by  the  time  the  parasites  again  attain  a  greater  length  the  animals 
may  have  gained  in  condition  and  strength  to  withstand  the  disease. 

Tapeworms  affect  their  hosts  in  several  ways.     By  assimilating  the 


FIG.  121.— Sexually  mature  segments  of  the  Triangle  Moniezia  (Moniezia  triyonophora) :  cp,  cirrus 
pouch ;  dc,  dorsal  canal ;  ig,  interproglottidal  glands ;  n,  nerve ;  ov,  ovary ;  rs,  receptaculum  semiuis ; 
sg,  shell  gland;  t,  testicles;  v,  vagina;  vc,  ventral  canal;  vd,  vas  deferens;  vg,  vitellogene  gland. 
Enlarged.  (After  Stiles  &  Hassall,  1893,  PI.  IX,  fig.  4.)  See  p.  128. 

nourishment  in  the  intestinal  tract  of  their  hosts,  they  rob  the  latter  of 
food;  when  present  in  large  numbers,  they  may  cause  stoppage  of  the 
bowels,  irritate  the  bowels,  leading  to  non  assimilation  of  food  and 
reflexly  to  the  nervous  symptoms.  The  clinical  history  is  not  very 
clearly  defined  from  infection  with  other  intestinal  parasites,  especially 
with  the  twisted  strougyle  (Stronciylus  contortus). 

As  the  animals  lose  flesh,  become  poorer,  and  hidebound,  their  gait 
becomes  unsteady,  the  fleece  becomes  dry  and  harsh,  little  yolk  being 
present;  the  appetite  and  thirst  may  increase;  diarrhoea  is  frequent  in 
severe  infections,  and  becomes  more  pronounced  as  the  disease  advances. 
The  animals  may  at  last  become  completely  exhausted  and  die. 

Diagnosis. — Suspicion  of  tapeworm  disease  being  aroused  by  the 
general  poor  condition  of  the  animals,  a  positive  diagnosis  may  fre- 
quently be  made  by  finding  the  cast-off  segments  in  the  droppings,  or 
around  the  anus  under  the  tail.  A  microscopic  examination  of  the 
faeces  for  eggs  is  practicable  only  for  experts.  In  case  of  death  of  one 
of  the  flock,  it  is  best  to  make  a  careful  post-mortem,  examining  the 
fourth  stomachfor  the  twisted  strongyle  and  the  intestines  for  tapeworms. 
This  can  easily  be  done  by  opening  the  intestine  in  a  tub  of  warm  water. 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.   133 


Treatment^ — The  first  thing  to  do  in  treating  sheep  and  cattle  for 
tapeworms  is  to  confine  the  animals  in  a  comparatively  small  yard  and 
to  withhold  solid  food  the  night  before  dosing.  The 
animals  should  be  kept  confined  until  the  worms  are 
passed,  then  all  the  faeces  should  be  collected  and 
burned,  or  buried  in  quicklime. 

Schwalenberg  reported  good  results  with  kamala,  dose 
for  a  lamb  3.75  grains  (about  1  dram);  also  with  cusso 
(kousso),  close  for  a  lamb  7.5  grams  (nearly  2  drams)  5 
still  better  results  with  kosiu  (koussiu),  dose  for  a  lamb 
12  centigrams. 

Picric  acid,  dose  0.6  to  1.25  grams  (10  to  20  grains), 
made  into  pills  with  meal  and  water,  is  recommended 
by  some  authors.  It  should  be  followed  with  a  cathar- 
tic (a  4-ouuce  dose  of  Epsom  salts  or  a  4-ouuce  dose  of 
any  of  the  l)land  oils). 

Two-ounce  dose  of  powdered  male  fern  root,  or,  still 
better,  the  ethereal  oil  of  male  fern  in  dram  doses,  is 
recommended  by  some  veterinarians.  It  can  be  given 
in  combination  with  2  to  4  ounces  of  castor  oil. 

Frohner  (1889)  gives  the  following  recipes:  Take  koussin,  3 
grains,  and  of  sugar  10  grains,  mix,  and  give  at  one  dose.  The 
dose  of  tansy  is  from  2  to  6  drams.  It  forms  one  of  the  chief  ingre- 
dients of  Spinola's  worm  cake,  which  is  fed  to  lambs  as  a  pre- 
ventive against  worms.  The  recipe,  sufficient  for  100  sheep,  is  as 
follows:  Take  of  tansy,  calamus  root,  and  tar,  each  2£  pounds;  of 
cooking  salt,  1J  pounds;  mix  these  with  water  and  meal,  make 
into  cakes,  and  dry.  This  is  an  old  and  oft-repeated  recipe,  but 
I  can  not  vouch  for  its  efficiency.  (Curtice,  1890.) 

Powdered  areca  nut  may  be  given  to  lambs  in  doses 
of  1  to  3  drams.  If  no  passage  occurs,  follow  in  three 
or  four  hours  with  a  cathartic. 

In  the  recent  experiments  with  bluestone  by  Hutcheon, 
in  South  Africa,  against  wire  worm  disease  in  sheep,  ithas 
been  found  that  the  same  treatment  expels  tapeworms. 

Caution. — Repeated  accidents  have  happened  from 
using  too  strong  a  solution  or  too  large  doses,  or  in 
giving  it  in  such  a  way  that  the  medicine  gains  access 
to  the  lungs.  Dr.  Hutcheon's  method  of  procedure, 
which  is  here  given  in  detail,  is  safe  in  the  hands  of  the 
average  farmer  if  the  directions  are  followed.  The 
person  who  gives  stronger  doses  than  indicated,  or  who 
is  careless  about  the  measurements,  must  take  the  en- 
tire responsibility  of  the  miscarriage  of  the  treatment. 
It  is  a  good  plan  to  make  up  a  smaller  quantity  of  the  solution  and 
try  it  upon  a  few  sheep  before  attempting  to  dose  the  entire  flock. 


FIG.  122.— Adult 
specimen  of  the 
Fringed  Tape- 
worm ( Thysano- 
soma  aetinioides) . 
(After  Stiles,  1893, 
PI.  XI,  fig.  l.)  See 
p.  128. 


1  In  this  connection  consult  Curtice,  1890,  pp.  120-121. 


134  INSPECTION    OF    MEATS    FOR    ANIMAL    PARASITES. 

(a)  To  prepare  the  mixture. — Hutcheon  lias  changed  his  formula 
slightly  from  time  to  time,  the  latest  published  proportions  (February 
21,  1895)  reading  as  follows  (see  footnote,  p.  130) : 

Dissolve  1  pound  avoirdupois  (1  pound  =  16*ouuces)  of  good,  com- 
mercial, powdered  bluestone  (sulphate  of  copper)  in  2  imperial  quarts 
(=  2f  quarts  U.  S.)  of  boiling  water;  when  the  bluestone  is  thoroughly 
dissolved  add  6£  imperial  gallons  (  =  26  imperial  quarts  =  7-f-  U.  S. 
gallons  =  31'i  U.  S.  quarts)  of  cold  water,  making  in  all  7  imperial 
gallons  (or  8|  U.  S.  gallons)  of  water.  (See  footnote,  p.  136.) 

Use  only  bluestone  which  is  of  a  uniform  blue  color;  avoid  that 
which  is  in  conglomerate  lumps  with  white  patches  and  covered  with 
a  white  crust. 

The  equivalents  of  1  pound  avoirdupois  and  of  7  imperial  gallons  in 
other  weights  and  measures  are  as  follows: 

One  pound  avoirdupois  =  1  ponntl  2  ounces  280  grains  of  apothecaries'  or  of  imperial 
troy  weight  =  453. 59  grams  of  metric  weight. 

Seven  imperial  gallons  =  8  gallons  3  pints  3  fluid  ounces  3  fluid  diachms  56  minims 

(or  practically  8  gallons  3i  pints,  or  8£ 
gallons)  of  apothecaries'  or  wine  meas- 
ure, U.  S.  =31.804409  liters  (practi- 
cally 31^  liters)  metric  system. 

The  farmer  is  cautioned 
against  guessing  at  the  weights 
and  measures,  for  this  is  sure  to 
result  in  too  strong  a  solution, 
which  will  kill  his  animals,  or 

FIG.  123.-Ventral  and  apex  views  of  the  lead  of  the  tOO  weak  a  Solution,  which  will 
Fringed  Tapeworm  (Thysanosomaactinioides).  x  17.  fail  to  be  effective.  Scales  aild 
(After  Stiles,  1893,  PL  XI,  figs.  2  and  2  6.)  See  p.  120. 

measures  should  be  tested  before 

they  are  used.  If  reliable  scales  are  not  at  hand,  buy  the  bluestone 
already  weighed  and  have  the  exact  weight  in  avoirdupois,  apothe- 
caries', or  metric  system  marked  011  the  package. 

If  a  smaller  quantity  than  the  above  is  desired,  this  can  be  made  up 
on  the  proportion  of  1  ounce  avoirdupois  of  bluestone  to  44- U.  S.  pints 
of  water. 

(b)  Preparation  of  the  animals. — Fast  the  sheep  or  cattle  twenty  to 
twenty-four  hours  before  dosing.  If  the  fast  is  thirty  hours  (longer  fasts 
are  dangerous)  an  extra  half  gallon  or  a  gallon  of  water  should  be  added 
to  the  solution,  as  animals  are  more  liable  to  suffer  after  a  long  fast. 
.  (c)  Size  of  the  dose. — Hutcheon  has  several  times  changed  the  size 
of  the  doses  he  advises,  in  some  papers  basing  it  on  the  imperial  fluid 
ounce,  in  others  on  the  tablespoon.  The  doses  for  sheep  (in  imperial 
ounces  and  in  tablespoons)  given  below  are  his  most  recent  (January 
10,  1895)  recommendations,  and  though  based  upon  a  solution  with  5 
per  cent  less  water  than  the  solution  given  above,  they  may  be  used  for 
the  weaker  mixture. 

We  have  given  several  of  the  metric  doses  to  sheep  on  the  Bureau 


FLUKES  AND  TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE,  SHEEP,  AND  SWINE.   135 

Experiment  Station,  and  the  sheep  showed  110  ill  effects;  on  the  con- 
trary they  gained  in  weight.    (See  footnote,  p.  130.) 


Age  of  animals. 

Approximate  equivalents. 

Table- 
spoons, a 

Imperial. 

TJ.  S.  apothe- 
caries. 

Metric. 

1 
2 
3 
4 
4i 
4Jto5 
5to5J 

About  J  fluid 
ounce. 
About  1|  fluid 
ounces. 
About  2J  fluid 
ounces. 
About  3  fluid 
ounces. 
About  3^  fluid 
ounces. 
About3ito3J 
fluid  ounces. 
About3Jto4J 
fluidounces. 

About  J  fluid 
ounce. 
About  1J  fluid 
ounces. 
About  2  fluid 
ounces. 
About  2f  fluid 
ounces. 
About  3  fluid 
ounces. 
About  3  to  3J 
fluidouuces. 
About  3J  to  3f 
fluid  ounces. 

About  20  cc. 
About  40  cc. 
About  CO  cc. 
About  80  cc. 
About  90  cc. 
90  to  100  cc. 
100  to  110  cc. 

For  a  sheep  18  months  old  

o  "The  tablespoon  I  refer  to  is  the  modern  full-sized  tablespoon  (6  fluid  drachms).    The  medicinal 
tablespoon  contains  exactly  half  an  ounce." — HUTCHEON. 

Be  careful  not  to  give  a  two-toothed  young  sheep  as  much  as  a  full 
grown  four-toothed  sheep.  Mistakes  may  occur  in  judging  the  age 
unless  the  teeth  are  examined. 

The  doses  should  be  measured  off  in  bottles  and  the  point  of  each 
dose  plainly  marked  with  a  file. 

(d)  Dosing. — In  dosing,  use  long-necked  bottles,  as  castor-oil  bottles, 
Worcester  sauce  bottles,  or  anchovy  sauce  bottles. 

Let  one  person  set  the  sheep  on  its  haunches  and  take  its  two  fore- 
legs in  his  left  hand,  while  he  steadies  the  head  with  the  right.  Another 
person  inserts  the  neck  of  the  bottle  into  the  mouth.  The  head  of  the 
sheep  should  not  be  raised  too  high,  as  in  that  case  the  solution  may 
enter  the  lungs  and  kill  the  sheep.  A  safe  rule  is  to  raise  the  nose  to 
the  height  of  the  animal's  eyes. 

(e)  Overdose. — If,  after  dosing,  any  of  the  sheep  seem  to  be  suffering 
from  an  overdose,  indicated  by  lying  apart  from  the  flock,  not  feeding, 
manifesting  a  painful,  excited  look  and  a  spasmodic  movement  in 
its  running,  walking  with  a  stiff  gait,  purging,  the  discharge  being  a 
dirty  brownish  color,  take  the  affected  animals  away  from  the  flock  to 
a  shady  place  and  dose  with  laudanum  and  milk  as  follows : 

For  a  lamb  4  to  C  months  old,  1  teaspoouful  of  laudanum  in  a  tumbler 
of  milk. 

For  a  sheep  1  year  old,  2  teaspoonfuls  of  laudanum  in  a  tumbler  of 
milk.  Eepeat  half  the  dose  in  two  to  three  hours  if  necessary. 

(/)  After-treatment. — The  animals  should  not  be  allowed  water  for 
several  hours  after  receiving  their  dose. 

Prevention. — Preventive  measures  against  adult  tapeworm  infection 
in  sheep  and  cattle  can  be  given  only  in  the  most  general  terms,  as 
explicit  directions  can  be  based  only  upon  a  knowledge  of  the  exact 
source  of  infection.  The  general  preventive  measures  applicable  to 
all  intestinal  parasitic  diseases  would  apply  in  the  case  of  tapeworm 
disease,  namely:  since  the  parasites  are  contracted  by  means  of  con- 


INSPECTION    OF    MEATS    FOR    ANIMAL    PARASITES. 

taminated  food  or  drink,  prevent  this  contamination  as  much  as  possi- 
ble; feed  high  with  pure  food  and  water  preceding  and  during  the  time 
of  greatest  infection;  avoid  overcrowding  of  pastures;  isolate  infected 
stock;  and  when  treating  medicinally  treat  the  entire  flock  if  possible. 
Contamination  of  food  and  drink. — This  generally  takes  place  by 
allowing  manure  piles  to  drain  into  the  water  supply  or  into  pastures 
In  the  case  of  adult  tapeworms  of  cattle  and  sheep  some  other  factors 
probably  come  into  play. 

Feeding  pure  food  and  water. — Grain,  etc.,  should  be  fed  from  platforms 
or  troughs,  which  should  be  kept  clean;  raised  water  troughs  should  be 
supplied,  so  that  the  animals  need  not  be  obliged  to  drink  from  stagnant 
pools.  These  water  troughs  should  be  occasionally  cleaned.  Many 

ranchmen  have 
already  learned 
that  by  feeding 
their  lambs  ex- 
tra grain  dur- 

FIG.  124. — Segments  of  the  Fringed   Tapeworm  (Thysanosoma  actinioides),      ing  the  fall,  not 
showing  canals  and  ntrves,  and  (/)  fringed  border,  (t)  testicles,  and  (ut)  1  '  1       *o  fl  ri  • 

uterus.    Enlarged.    (After  Stiles,  1893,  PI.  XI,  fig.  8.)     See  p.  128. 

losses  been  di- 
minished, but  the  lambs  become  larger  and  stronger  as  well  as  fatter. 

Avoid  overcrowding  of  pastures. — Overcrowding  of  pastures  is  one  of 
the  surest  methods  of  keeping  animals  permanently  infested  with  ani- 
mal parasites,  since  the  chances  of  infecting  the  pasture  are  increased 
and,  by  being  compelled  to  graze  too  close,  the  animals  are  more  liable 
to  infection  from  the  germs  of  parasites  found  on  the  ground. 

Isolation  of  infected  stoelc. — This  is  always  advisable,  no  matter  what 
particular  disease  is  present. 

1  Treatment  of  the  entire  herd. — This  is  advisable,  since  all  animals 
which  have  been  subject  to  infection  stand  a  chance  of  having  con- 
tracted disease,  even  if  only  in  a  light  form;  but  light  attacks  of  para- 
sitic diseases  serve  to  reinfect  pastures. 

ABATTOIR   INSPECTION. 

The  abattoir  inspection  for  tapeworms  in  the  intestines  of  cattle  and 
sheep  is  of  no  importance  whatever,  since  none  of  these  parasites  are 
transmissible  to  man  in  any  stage  of  their  development.  If  the  drain- 
age of  a  slaughterhouse  is  not  properly  cared  for,  the  surroundings  form 
a  concentrated  area  of  infection. 

1  Addenda  to  HutcJteon's  Bluestone  Treatment. — At  the  moment  of  going  to  press  after 
proof  reading  was  completed,  we  have  received  from  Hutcheon  another  article  on 
this  subject,  dated  1897.  He  adopts  practically  the  same  doses  given  on  p.  135,  but 
changes  the  strength  of  the  solution  (see  p.  134)  to  1  pound  of  bluestoue  to  "40 
whiskey  bottlesful  of  water."  This  is  practically  1  pound  to  1\  imperial  gallons 
(=9  U.  S.  gallons  =  about  34  liters  metric)  of  water. 

We  wish  here  to  repeat  and  emphasize  the  advice  given  to  the  farmer  on  p.  133,  to 
make  up  a  smaller  quantity  of  the  solution  and  try  it  on  a  few  sheep  a  few  days 
before  the  entire  flock  is  dosed.  This  will  give  him  an  opportunity  to  judge  whether 
he  has  made  a  mistake  in  weights  and  measures  in  mixing  the  solution. 


II.  COMPENDIUM  OF  THE  PARASITES,  ARRANGED  ACCORDING 

TO  THEIR  HOSTS. 

By  ALBERT  HASSALL. 

In  the  following  compendium  are  included  the  hosts  for  all  of  the 
parasites  discussed  in  this  paper.  The  numbers  of  the  hosts  refer  to 
the  numbers  in  von  Linstow's  (1878)  Compendium.  In  selecting  the 
scientific  names  of  hosts,  I  have  been  guided  by  the  advice  of  Dr.  T.  S. 
Palmer,  of  the  Biological  Survey,  TI.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture. 

B  signifies  that  either  Stiles  or  I  have  examined  the  parasite  for  the 
host  in  question  in  North  America. 

n  signifies  that  either  Stiles  or  I  have  examined  this  parasite  for  the 
host  in  question,  but  the  specimen  was  not  North  American. 

?  signifies  that  I  doubt  the  validity  of  the  determination  or  the 
validity  of  the  species. 

t  signifies  that  I  reserve  judgment  upon  the  species. 

MAMMALS  (Mammalia). 

PRIMATES. 
1.  Homo  sapiens.     Man. 

Dicrocoelium  lanceatum,  p.  55 Liver. 

Fasciola  hepatica,  p.  29 Liver. 

?  Fasciola  hepatica  angusta,  p.  48 Lungs. 

?  Fasciola  gigantica,  p.  49 Lungs. 

E  Schistosoma  haematobium,  p.  58 Veins. 

Bothriocephalus  cordatus,  p.  85 Intestine. 

B  BotJtriocephalus  latus,  p.  85 4 Intestine. 

Botlmocephalm  Mansoni,  p.  85 Intestine. 

E  Cysticercus  cellulosae,  p.  89 Muscles,  eye,  and  brain. 

?  Cysticercus  tenuicollis,  p.  96 Omentum. 

Darainea  madagascariensis,  p.  86 Intestine. 

IMpi/lidium  caninum,  p.  86 Intestine. 

E  Echinococcus  polymorphic,  p.  113 Especially  liver  and  lungs. 

E  Hymenolepis  diminuta  (including  Taenia  flavopunctata),  p.  86 Intestine. 

D  Hymenolepis  murina  (including  Taenia  nana),  p.  86 Intestine. 

.  .          Erabbea  grandis Intestine. 

Et  Taenia  confnsa,p.8o Intestine. 

E  Taenia  saginata,  p.  71 Intestine. 

E  Taenia  solium,  p.  89 Intestine. 

Simla  faunus. 

Cysticercus  tenuicollis,  p.  96. 
14.  Simla  inuus.     (See  Macacus  inuus.) 
9.  Simla  rubra.     (See  Cercopithecus  patas.) 

137 


138  INSPECTION    OF    MEATS    FOR    ANIMAL    PARASITES. 

19.  Simla  silenus.     (See  Macacus  silenus.) 

Semnopithecus  entellus.    Hanuman  langur. 
Cysticei-cus  tenuicollis,  p.  96. 

4.  Cercopithecus  cephus. 

Cysticercus  cellulosae,  p.  89 Peritoneum. 

5.  Cercopithecus  cynosurus.    Malbrouck  Guenon. 

Cysticercus  tenuicollin,  p.  96 Liver  and  mesentery. 

6.  Cercopithecus  fuliginosus.     Sooty  Monkey. 

Schistosoma  haematoMum  (Cobbold's  Bilharzia  mayna),  p.  58 Veins. 

7.  Cercopithecus  mona.    Mona  Guenon. 

Cysticercus  tenuicollis,  p.  96. 
9.  Cercopithecus  patas.    Patas  Guenon. 

Cysticercus  cellulosae,  p.  89. 
10.  Cercopithecus  sabaeus.     Grivet  Guenon. 

Cysticercus  tenuicollis,  p.  96 Liver  and  mesentery. 

12.  Macacus  cynomolgus.     Crab-eating  Macaque. 

Cysticercus  tenuicollis,  p.  96 Liver  and  mesentery. 

Echinococcus  polymorphus,  p.  113 Viscera. 

14.  Macacus  inuus.    Barbary  Macaque. 

Cysticercus  cellulosae,  p.  89 Peritoneum. 

Cysticercus  tenuicollis,  p.  96 Peritoneum. 

Echinococcus  polymorphus,  p.  113 Viscera. 

19.  Macacus  silenus.    Lion-tailed  Macaque. 

Echinococcus  polymorplius,  p.  113 Viscera. 

12.  Inuus  cynomolgus.     (See  Macacus  cynomolgus.) 
14.  Inuus  ecaudatus.     (-See  Macacus  inuus.) 
17.  Papio  maimoii.     Mandril. 

Cysticercus  tenuicoUis,  p.  96 Liver  and  mesentery. 

17.  Cynocephalus  maimon.     (See  Papio  maimon.) 

CARNIVORES  (Carnivora). 

191.  Ursus  arctos.    Brown  Bear. 

Cysticercus  cellulosae,  p.  89 Muscles. 

167.  Vulpes  lagopus.     Arctic  Fox. 

Taenia  coenurus,  p.  109 Intestine. 

165.  Cams  familiaris.     Dog. 

Bothriocephalus  cordatus,  p.  101 Intestine. 

Bothriocephalus  fuscus,  p.  101 Intestine. 

Bothriocephalus  latus,  p.  101 , Intestine. 

Bothriocephalus  serratus,  p.  101 Intestine. 

Cysticercus  cellulosae,  p.  89 Muscles  and  peritoneum. 

H  Dipylidium  canin  um,  p.  102 Intestine. 

D  Mesocestoides  lineatus,  p.  102 Intestine. 

Taenia  coenurus,  p.  109 Intestine. 

S  Taenia  echinococcus,  p.  114 Intestine. 

D  Taenia  Krabbei,  p.  102 Intestine. 

H  Taenia  marginata,  p.  96 Intestine. 

E  Taenia  serialis,  p.  102 Intestine. 

EB  Taenia  serrata,  p.  102 Intestine. 

146.  Felis  domestica.     Cat. 

?  Dicrocoelium  lanceatum,  p.  55 Gall  bladder. 

Fasciola  hepatica,  p.  29. 

Cysticercus  cellulosae,  p.  89. 

Ci/sticercus  tenuicollis,  p.  96. 

Echinococcus  polymorphus,  p.  113. 


COMPENDIUM   OF    THE    PARASITES.  139 

RODENTS  (Rodentia). 
Lepus  californicus. 

Coenurus  serialis,  p.  102. 
Lepus  callotis. 

H  Coenurus  serialis,  p.  102. 

137.  Lepus  cuniculus.     European  Wild  Rabbit. 
Dicrocoelium  lanceatum,  p.  55. 
Fasciola  hepatica,  p.  29. 
D  Coenurus  serialis,  p.  102. 
?  Coenurus  cerebralis,  p.  109. 

Echinococcus polymorpltus,  p.  113. 
137a.  Lepus  cuiiiculus  domesticus.     Common  domesticated  Rabbit. 

Fasciola  hepatica,  p.  29 Liver. 

?  Coenurus  cerebralis,  p.  109 Muscles. 

Coenurus  serialis,  p.  102 Muscles. 

140.  Lepus  timidus.     Common  European  Hare. 

Dicrocoelium  lanceatum,  p.  55 Gall  bladder. 

Fasciola  hepatica,  p.  29 Liver. 

?  Coenurus  cerebralis,  p.  109 Muscles. 

Coenurus  serialis,  p.  102 Muscles. 

139.  Lepus  variabilis.    Mountain  Hare. 

Dicrocoelium  lanceatum,  p.  55 Liver. 

Coenurus  serialis,  p.  102 Connective  tissue. 

Cavia  cobaya.     Guinea  Pig. 

Fasciola  hepatica  caviae,  p.  48 Liver. 

110.  Mus  rattus.     Black  Rat. 

Cysiicercus  cellulosae,  p.  89 Peritoneum. 

98.  Castor  fiber.    European  Beaver. 

Fasciola  hepatica,  p.  29 Liver. 

87.  Sciurus  cinereus. 

Cysticercus  tenuicollis,  p.  96 Liver  and  mesentery. 

86.  Sciurus  vulgaris.    European  Squirrel. 

Fasciola  hepatica,  p.  29 Liver. 

Cysticercus  tenuicollis,  p.  96 Liver  and  mesentery. 

UNGULATES  (Ungulata), 

206.  Elephas  indicus.    Indian  Elephant. 

Fasciola  hepatica,  p.  29 Liver. 

248.  Equus  caballus.     Horse. 

D  Fasciola  hepatica,  p.  29 Liver. 

Coenurus  cerebralis,  p.  109 Cerebrum. 

D  Echinococcus  polymorphus,  p.  113 Liver. 

246.  Equus  asinus.    Ass. 

Dicrocoelium  lanceatum,  p.  55 Liver. 

D  Fasciola  hepatica,  p.  29 Liver. 

n  Echinococcus  polymorphus,  p.  113 Liver. 

215,  Bos  bubalis.    Indian  Buffalo. 

Amphistoma  cervi,  p.  64 Rumen. 

D  Fasciola  liepatica  aegyptiaca,  p.  48 Liver. 

D  Gastrotliylax  gregarius,  p.  67 Rumen. 

217&.  Bos  frontalis.     Gayal. 

Gastrothylax  Cobboldii,  p.  67 Rumen. 

Gastrothylax  clongatum,  p.  67 Rumen. 

Homalogaster  Paloniae,  p.  67 :   Caecum. 

Bos  indicus.     Zebu.     (See  also  p.  67). 

Moniezia  espaiisa,  p.  128 Intestine. 


140  INSPECTION    OF    MEATS    FOB    ANIMAL    PARASITES. 

216.  Bos  taurus.     Domesticated  cattle. 

D  AmpMstoma  cervi,  p.  64 Rumen. 

Amphistoma  explanatum,  p.  67 Gall  bladder. 

AmpMstoma  tuber  culatnm,  p.  67 Rumen. 

D  Dicrocoelium  lanceattim,  p.  55 Liver. 

Dicrocoelium  pancreaticum,  p.  57 Pancreas. 

?  Fasciola  yiyantica,  p.  49 Liver. 

E  Fasciola  hepatica,  p.  29 Liver  and  lungs. 

D  .Fasciola  hepatica  angusta,  p.  48 Liver. 

D  Fasciola  liepatica  aegyptiaca,  p.  48 Liver. 

E  Fasciola  magna,  p.  49 Liver  and  lungs. 

Gastrothylax  crumenifer,  p.  67 Rumen. 

Homalogaster  Poirieri,  p.  67 Large  intestine. 

D  Schistosoma  bovis,  p.  60 Veins. 

?  Schistosoma  liaematobium,  p.  58 Veins. 

Coenurus  cerebralis,  p.  109 Brain. 

E  Cysticercus  foot-is,  p.  71 Muscle. 

B  Cysticercus  tenuicollis,  p.  96 Liver  and  mesentery. 

E  Echinococcus  polymorphus,  p.  113 Li  ver  and  lungs. 

D  Moniezia  alba,  p.  127 Intestine. 

D  Moniezia  Benedeni,  p.  128 Intestine. 

E  Moniezia  expansa,  p.  128 Intestine. 

B  Moniezia  planissima,  p.  127 Intestine. 

?  Stilesia  centripunctata,  p.  130 Intestine. 

?  Stilesia  globipiinctata,  p.  130 Intestine. 

?  Thysanonoma  Giardi,  p.  129 Intestine. 

218.  Ovibos  moschatus.    Musk  Ox. 

Moniezia  expansa,  p.  128 Intestine. 

Ovis  ammon. 

Echinococcus  polymorphus,  p.  113. 

219.  Ovis  argali.     Argali. 

Fasciola  hepatica,  p.  29 Liver. 

Cysticercus  tenuicollis,  p.  96 Liver  and  mesentery. 

Echinococcus  polymorphus,  p.  113 Liver  and  lungs. 

220.  Ovia  aries.    Domesticated  sheep. 

E  Amphistoma  cervi,  p.  64 Ruinen. 

D  Dicrocoelium  lanceatum,  p.  55 Liver. 

E  Fasciola  hepatica,  p.  29 Liver. 

Dicrocoelium  pancreaticum,  p.  57. 

Schistosoma  bovis,  p.  60 Veins. 

D  Coenurus  cerebralis,  p.  109 Brain  and  spinal  cord. 

E  Cysticercus  tenuicollis,  p.  96 Mesentery. 

D  Echinococcus  polymorplius,  p.  113 Liver  and  lungs. 

Moniezia  alba,  p.  127 Intestine. 

D  Moniezia  Benedeni,  p.  128 Intestine. 

E  Moniezia  expansa,  p. 128 Intestine. 

D  Moniezia  Neumanni,  p.  128 Intestine. 

!  D  Moniezia  nullicollis,  p.  26 Intestine. 

B  Moniezia  planissima,  p.  127 Intestine. 

E  Moniezia  trigonophora,  p.  128 Intestine. 

D  Moniezia  Vogti,  p.  127 Intestine. 

D  Stilesia  centripunctata,  p.  130 Intestine. 

D  Stilesia  globipunctata,  p.  130 Intestine. 

B  Thysanosoma  actinioides,  p.  128 Gall  ducts  and  intestine. 

D  Thysanosoma  Giardi,  p.  129 Intestine- 


COMPENDIUM    OF    THE    PARASITES.  141 

220.  Ovis  laticauda. 

D  Mon  iezia  expansa,  p.  128 Intestine 

221.  Ovis  musimon.     Mufflon. 

Coenurus  cerelralis,  p.  109 Cerebrum. 

Cysticercus  tenuicollis,  p.  96 Liver  <ind  mesentery. 

222.  Capra  hircus.     Goat. 

Amphistoma  ccrvi,  p.  64 Rumen. 

Dicrocoelium  lanceatam,  p.  55 Liver. 

Fasciola  hepatica,  p.  29 -   Liver. 

Coenurus  cerebral-is,  p.  109 - Brain. 

H  Cysticercus  tenuicollis,  p.  96 Mesentery. 

EchinococcHS  polymorphus,  p.  113 Liver  and  lungs. 

Honlezia  expansa,  p.  128 - Intestine. 

!  D  Moniezia  caprae Intestine. 

Capra  pyrenaica.     Spanish  Ibex. 

Moniezia  expansa,  p.  128 Intestine. 

22o.  Rupicapra  tragus.     Chamois  or  G-emse. 

Cysticercus  tenuicollis,  p.  96 Liver  and  mesentery. 

Moniezia  expansa,  p.  128 Intestine. 

Boselaphus  tragocamelus.     Nilgai  or  Blue  Bull. 

Fasciola  hepatica,  p.  29 Liver. 

Fasciola  magna,  p.  49 Liver. 

Hippotragus  equinus.     Roan  Antelope. 

Coenurus  cerebralis,  p.  109. 
Oryx  beisa.     Beisa. 

Cysticercus  tenuicollis,  p.  96. 
224.  Oryx  leucoryx.    Leucoryx. 

Cysticercus  tenuicollis,  p.  96 Liver  and  mesentery. 

226.  Saiga  tartarica.     Saiga. 

Cysticercus  tenuicollis,  p.  96 Liver  and  mesentery. 

223.  Gazella  dorcas.     Dorcas  Gazelle. 

Amphistoma  cervi,  p.  64 Rumen. 

Dicrocoelium  lanceatnm,  p.  55 Liver. 

Fasciola  liepatica,  p.  29 Liver. 

Cysticercus  tenuicollis,  p.  96 Mesentery. 

Moniezia  expansa,  p.  128 •. Intestine. 

227.  Gazella  euchore.     Springbok. 

Cysticercus  tenuicollis,  p.  96 Liver  and  mesentery. 

227.  Antilope  euchore.     (See  Gazella  euchore.) 

224.  Antilope  leucoryx.     (See  Oryx  leucoryx.) 
226.  Antilope  saiga.     (See  Saiga  tartarica.) 

Kobus  ellipsipryrnus.     Waterbuck. 

Cysticercus  tenuicollis,  p.  96. 
Antilocapra  americana. 

H  Cysticercus  bovis,  p.  71 Muscles. 

241.  Giraffa  camelopardalis.     Giraffe. 

Fasciola  gigantica,  p.  49 Liver. 

Cysticercus  bovis,  p.  71 -  Muscles. 

Echinococcus  polymorphus,  p.  113 Liver. 

240.  Cariacus  americanus.     Virginia  Deer. 

Fasciola  hepatica,  p.  29 Liver. 

\±\  Fasciola  magna,  p.  49 Liver. 

23'2.  Cariacus  campestris. 

Amphistoma  cervi,  p.  64 Rumen. 

Moniezia  expansa,  p.  128 Intestine. 


142  INSPECTION   OF    MEATS    FOR   ANIMAL   PARASITES. 

237.  Cariacus  nambi. 

Ampliistoma  cervi,  p.  64 Rumen. 

Moniezia  expansa,  p.  128 Intestine. 

Thysanosoma  actinioides,  p.  128 Intestine. 

233.  Cariacus  paludosus. 

Amphisloma  cervi,  p.  64 .' Rumen. 

Thysanosoma  actinioides,  p.  128 Intestine. 

238.  Cariacus  rufus.    Brocket. 

Amphistoma  cervi,  p.  64 Rurnen. 

Cysticercus  tenuicollis,  p.  96 Liver  and  mesentery. 

Moniezia  expansa,  p.  128 Intestine. 

Thysanosoma  actinioides,  p.  128 Intestine. 

238.  Mazama  rufus.     (See  Cariacus  rufus.) 
Cariacus  simplicicornis. 

Amphistoma  cervi,  p.  64 Rumen. 

Cysticercus  tenuicollix,  p.  96 Liver  and  mesentery. 

Thysanosoma  actinioides,  p.  128 Intestine. 

240.  Cariacus  virginianus.     (See  Cariacus  americanus.) 

234.  Capreolus  caprea.    Roe  Deer. 

Amjrfiistoma  cervi,  p.  64 Rumen. 

Fasciola  hepatica,  p.  29 Liver. 

Coenurus  cerebralis,  p.  109 Brain. 

Cysticercus  cellulosae,  p.  89 Liver  and  mesentery. 

Cysticercus  tenuicollis,  p.  96. 

Moniezia  expansa,  p.  128 Intestine. 

Taenia  crucigera Intestine. 

230.  Alee  alces.    European  Elk. 

Ampliistoma  cervi,  p.  64 Rumen. 

Echinococcus polymorphous,  p.  113. 
230.  Alces  machlis.    (See  Alee  alces.) 
230.  Alces  palmatus.     (See  Alee  alces.) 

239.  Tarandus  rangifer.     Reindeer  or  Caribou. 

Coenurus  cerebralis,  p.  109 Brain. 

Cysticercus  tenuicollis,  p.  96 Liver  and  mesentery. 

230.  Cervus  alces.     (-See  Alee  alces.) 

231.  Cervus  axis.    Axis  deer. 

Cysticercus  tenuicollis,  p.  96 Liver  and  mesentery. 

Cervus  canadensis.    Elk  or  "Wapiti. 

Fasciola  magna,  p.  49 Liver. 

235.  Cervus  dama.     Fallow  Deer. 

Ampliistoma  cervi,  p.  64 Rumen. 

Dicrocoelium  lanceatum,  p.  55 Liver. 

Fasciola  liepatica,  p.  29 Liver. 

D  Fasciola  magna,  p.  49 Liver. 

236.  Cervus  elaphus.     Stag. 

Ampliistoma  cervi,  p.  64 Rumen. 

Dicrocoelium  lanceatum,  p.  55 Liver. 

Fasciola  liepatica,  p.  29 Liver. 

Fasciola  magna,  p.  49 Liver. 

Cysticercus  ienuicollis,  p.  96 Liver  and  mesentery. 

Cervus  taraiidus.     (See  Tarandus  rangifer.) 
Cervus  uiiicolor.     Sanbur,  Rusa  Deer. 

Coenurus  cerebralis,  p.  109 Brain. 

Cysticercus  tenuicollis,  p.  96 Liver  and  mesentery. 


COMPENDIUM    OF    THE    PARASITES.  143 

244.  Aticlienia  llama.     Llama. 

Dicrocoelium  lanceatitm,  p.  55 Liver. 

<B  Cysticercus  bovis,  p.  71 Muscles. 

243.  Camelus  bactrianus.     Bactrian  Camel. 

Fasciola  hepatica,  p.  29 Liver. 

El  Echinococcus  polymorphus,  p.  113 Liver  and  viscera. 

243.  Camelus  dromedarius.     Dromedary. 

Coenurus  cerebralis,  p.  109 Brain. 

Echinococcus  polymorphus,  p.  113 Viscera. 

213.  Fhachochoerus  africanus.     Aelian's  Wart  Hog. 

Cysticercus  tenuicollis,  p.  96. 

214.  Phachochoerus  aethiopicus.     Pallas'  "Wart  Hog. 

Cysticercus  tenuicollis,  p.  96 Abdomen. 

210.  Potamochoerus  porous.  Red  River  Hog. 

Cysticercus  tenuicollis,  p.  96 Omentum. 

210.  Potamochoerus  penicillatus.  (See  Potamochoerus  porcus.) 

208.  Sus  scrofa.     Wild  boar. 

Cysticcrcus  cellulosae,  p.  89 Muscles. 

Cysticercus  tenuicollis,  p.  96 Omentum. 

209.  Sus  scrofa  domestica.     Domesticated  swine. 

Agamodlstomum  suis,  p.  28 Muscles. 

Dicrocoelium  lanceatum,  p.  55 Liver. 

Fasciola  hepatica,  p.  29 Liver. 

H  Cysticercus  cellulosae,  p.  89 , Muscles. 

S  Cysticercus  tenuicollis,  p.  96 Omentum. 

Thysanosoma  Giardi,  p.  129 Intestine. 

CETACEANS  (Cetacea). 

Orca  gladiator.     Grampus  or  Killer. 
D  Fasciola  hepatica,  p.  29 Liver. 

MARSUPIALS  (Marsupialia). 

283.  Macropus  giganteus.     Gray  Kangaroo. 

Fasciola  hepatica,  p.  29 Liver. 

Echinococcus  polymorphus,  p.  113. 
Macropus  major. 

Echinococcus  polymorphus,  p.  113. 

MOLLUSKS  (Mollusca). 
Limnaea  oahuensis. 

Fasciola  hepatica,  p.  29. 
Limnaea  rubella. 

Fasciola  hepatica,  p.  29. 
872.  Limnaea  truncatula. 

Fasciola  hepatica,  p.  29. 
874&.  Physa  alexandrina. 

Cercaria  pigmentata  (Amphistoma  cervi),  p.  64. 
874c.  Physa  micropleura. 

Cercaria  pigmentata  (Amphisloma  cervi),  p.  64. 


III.  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  THE  MORE  IMPORTANT  WORKS  CITED. 

By  ALBERT  HASSALL. 
BASSI,  R. 

1875. — Sulla  cachessia  itteroverminosa  o  marciaia  clei  cervi,  causata  dal  Distomum 

magnum  <^I1  Medico  Veterinario,  pp.  497-513,  Tav.  i-iu,  Torino. 
BATSCH,  A.  J.  G.  C. 

1786. — Naturgeschichte  der  Bandwurmgattung  iiberhaupt  und  ihrer  Arten  insbe- 
sondere,   nach   den    neuern   Beobacbtungen    in    einem   systematischen 
Auszuge.     298  pp.,  Tabs.  i-v.    Halle. 
BILLINGS,  J.  S. 

1885. — Index-Catalogue  of  tbe  Library  of  the  Surgeon-General's  Office,  United 

States  A riny.     Vol.  VI,  11 -j- 1051  pp.     Washington. 
BITTING,  A.  W. 

1895. — Liver  Fluke.     Leeches  in  the  Liver  <  Bulletin  No.  28,  Florida  Agricul- 
tural Experiment  Station,  pp.  83-85,  Pis.  i-n,  1  map. 
BLANCHARD,  R. 

1885. — Traite  de  zoologie  medicale.     Tom.  I,  fasc.  i,  pp.  1-192.     Paris. 
1886. — Traite  de  zoologie  me'dicale.     Tom.  I,  fasc.  u,  pp.  193-480.     Paris. 
1888. — Traite  de  zoologie  medicale.     Tom.  I,  fasc.  in,  pp.  481-808.    Paris. 
1895. — Les  Heinatozoaires  de  Fhomme  et  des  animaux,  208  pp.,  11  figs.     Paris. 
1895. — Maladies  parasitai res.    Parasites  animaux,  parasites  vege~taux.    Al'exclu- 
sion  des  bacteries  <^  Traite  de  pathologic  g6nerale  (Bouchard),  Toin.  II, 
pp.  649-932,  figs.  47-116. 
BRAUN,  MAX. 

1889. — Venues  <  Bronn's   Klassen  und  Ordnungen   des   Thier-Reichs.     Bd.  IV, 

Lief.  9-11,  pp.  305-400,  Taf.  vi-vin. 

1895. — Die  thierischeu  Parasiten  des  Menschen.     283  pp.,  147  figs.    Wiirzburg. 
CHOLOUKOWSKY,  N. 

1894. — Ueber  eine  neue  species  von  Taenia.     <^  Cent.  f.    Bakt.   u.  Paras.,  XV, 

pp.  552-554,  2  figs. 
COBBOLD,  T.  SPENCER. 

1864.— Eutozoa:  An  introduction  to  the  study  of  Helminthology.  with  reference, 
more  particularly,  to  the  internal  parasites  of  man.  480  pp.  xxi  plates, 
82  figs,  in  text.  London. 

1875. — Further  remarks  on  Parasites  from  the  Horse  and  Elephant,  with  a  notice 
of  new  Amphistonies  from  the  Ox  <The  Veterinarian,  Vol.  XLVIII,  pp. 
817-821. 
CREPLIN,  F.  C.  H. 

1837.— Art.  Distoma  <Ersch  und  Gruber's  Allg.  Encycl.,  1  sect.,  29.  Th.,  pp. 
309-329. 

1847. — Beschreibuug  zweier  neueii  Amphistomen- Arten  aus  dem  Zebuochsen  < 

Arch.  f.  Naturg.,  XIII.  Jhg.,  I.  Bd.,  pp.  30-35,  Taf.  u,  figs.  1-5. 
CURTICE,  C. 

1890. — The  Animal  Parasites  of  Sheep.     U.  S.  Dept.  Agric.,  Bureau  of  Animal 

Industry.     222  pp.,  36  plates.     Washington. 
DAVAINE,  C. 

1877. — Traitd  des  Entozoaires  et  des  maladies  vermineuses  de  1'homme  et  dea 
auimaux  domestiques.     2.  edit.     Pp.  cxxxii,  72  figs.,  pp.  1003,  38  tigs. 
Paris. 
5257— No.  19 10  145 


146  INSPECTION    OF    MEATS    FOR    ANIMAL    PARASITES 

DEFFKE,  O. 

1891. — Die  Entozoen   des  Hundes  <^  Arch.   f.   wiss.  n.  prakt.  Thierheilk.    Bd. 

XVII,  pp.  1-60,  253-289,  Taf.  i-n. 
DEWITZ,  J. 

1892. — Die  Eingeweidewurmer  der  Haussiiugethiere.     180  pp.,  141  figs.     Berlin. 
DIESING,  K.  M. 

1850. — Systema  Helmiutlnira,  I.     680  pp.     Vindobonnae. 

1858. — Revision  der  Myzhelminthen.  Abtheilung:  Trematoden  <  Sitz.  d.  math.- 
nat.  Cl.  d.  k.  Akad.  d.  Wiss.,  Wien,  Bd.  XXXII,  pp.  307-390,  Taf.  i-n. 

DlNWIDDIE,  R.  R. 

1889. — Veterinarian's  Report.  Second  Annual  Report  of  the  Arkansas  Agricul- 
tural Experiment  Station.  Pp.  109-119,  1  fig. 

1892. — Some  Parasitic  Affections  of  Cattle  <^Journ.  Comp.  Med.  and  Vet.  Arch., 
XIII  (6),  June,  pp.  342-343. 

DUJARDIN,  F. 

1845. — Histoire  naturelle  des  Helminthes,  ou  vers  intestinaux.    654  pp.,  Pis.  I-XIL 

Paris. 
DUNCKER,  H.  C.  F. 

1896. — Die  Muskeldistomeen  <^Berl.  thieriirztl.   Wocheuschr.,  No.  24,  pp.  279- 

282,  6  figs. 
FRANCIS,  M. 

1891. — Liver  Flukes < Texas  Agric.  Exp.  Sta.  Bulletin  No.  18,  9  pp.,  6  figs. 
FRENCH,  C. 

1896. — On  Intestinal  Parasitism  in  the  Dog,  and  its  Treatment  <  The  Jonru.  Coin  p. 

Med.  and  Vet.  Arch.,  Vol.  XVII  (6),  June,  pp.  441-452. 
FRIIS,  ST. 

1897. — Om  K>dkontrollens  Standpunkt  over  for  tintet  Oksekod  <Maanedsskrift 

for  Dyrlaeger,  Bd.  IX,  Heft  2-3,  pp.  83-87. 
GIARD,  A.,  &  BILLET,  A. 

1892. — Sur  quelques  Tre"matodes  des  bceufs  du  Tonkin  <^C.  R.  Soc.  Biol.,  9.  s,-r., 

IV  (25),  8  juillet,  pp.  613-615. 
GI.AGE. 

1896. — Versuche  iiber  Totung  von   Finnen  durch  elektrische  Strume  <Zeit.  f.; 

Fleisch-u.  Milchhyg.,  VII  Jhg.,  Heft  2,  pp.  21-26. 

18^6. — Versuche  iiber  die  Lebensziihigkeit  der  Finnen  <^Zeit.  f.  Fleisch-u.  Mil- 
chhyg., VI  Jhg.,  Heft  2,  pp.  231-234. 
GMELIN,  J.  F. 

1790.— Systema  Naturae.     Tom.  I,  Pars  vi. 
GOEZE,  J.  A.  E. 

1782. — Versuch  einer  Naturgeschichte  der  Eingeweidewiirmer  thierischer  Korper 

471  pp.,  35  Taf.     Blankenburg. 
GOUVEA,  H. 

(1895). — La  distomatose   pulmonaire   par  la   douve  du  foie.     These  de   Paris, 

No.  104. 
HARLEY,  J. 

1864.— On  the  Endemic  Haematuria  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  <Med.-Chir.  Trans. 

London,  2.  ser.,  XL VII,  pp.  55-72,  PI.  n,  na. 
HASSALL,  A. 

1891. — A  New  Species  of  Trematode  infesting  Cattle  (F.  carnosa)  <  American. 

Vet.  Rev.,  XV,  July,  pp.  208-209,  1  fig. 

1891.— Fasciola  americana  <Ainerican  Vet.  Rev.,  XV,  September,  p.  359. 
1894.— (See  Stiles  1894-95.) 

HUUEK,  J.  Ch. 

1890.— Zur  Litteraturgeschichte  der  Leberegelkrankheit  <Deutsche  Zt.  f. 
Thiermed.  u.  vergl.  Path.,  XVII,  pp.  77-79. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY.  147 

HUBKR,  J.  Ch. — Continued. 

1891. — Echinococcus   cysticns  <Bibliographie  dec   klinischen  Helminthologie, 

Heft  1,  pp.  1-39,  Miinchen. 
1892. — Die  Darmcestoden  des  Menschen  <^Bibliographie  der  klinischen  Helmin- 

thologie,  Heft  3,  No.  4,  pp.  69-150,  Munchen. 
1894. — Trematoden  <Bibliographie   der  klinischen  Helmiuthologie,  Heft  7-8, 

pp. 283-287. 
JAXSON,  J.  L. 

1893. — Die  Hansthiere  in  Japan.    IV.  Die  Krankheiten  der  Hausthiere  in  Japan 

<Arch.  f.  wise.  u.  prakt.  Thierheilkunde,  XIX,  pp.  241-276. 
KKABBE,  H. 

1865. — Helminthologiske  Unders0gelser  i  Danraark  og  paa  Island,  med  saerligt 
Heusyn  til   Blaereorralidelserne  paa  Island.     64  pp.,   7  plates.     Kj0- 
benhavn. 
LEIDY,  J. 

1856. — A  Synopsis  of  Entozoa  and  some  of  their  Ecto-congeners  observed  by  the 

Author  <Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  VIII,  pp.  42-58. 
1891.— Notes  on  Entozoa  <Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  pp.  234-236. 
EUCKART,  R. 

1863. — Die  menschlichen  Parasiten  nnd  die  von  ihnen  herriihrenden  Krankheiten. 

1.  Bd.,  viii  +  766  pp.,  268  figs.     Leipzig  und  Heidelberg. 

1879. — Die  Parasiten  des  Menschen  und  die  von  ihnen  herriihrenden  Krankheiten. 

2.  Aufl.,  I.  Bd.,  1.  Lief.,  pp.  i-viii+1-336. 

1880  — Die  Parasiten  des  Menschen  und  die  von  ihnen  herriihrenden  Krankheiten. 

2.  Ann.,  I.  Bd.,2.  Lief.,  pp.  i-xii +337-856. 
1881-1882. — Zur  Entwickelungsgeschichte  des  Leberegels  <^Zool.  Anz.,  IV,  pp. 

641-646;  1882,  V,  pp. 524-528. 
1886. — Die  Parasiten  des  Menschen  und  die  von  ihnen  herriihrenden  Krankheiten. 

2.  Aufl.,  I.  Bd.,  3.  Lief.,  pp.  i-xxxi -f  855-1000 ;  2.  Aufl.,  I.  Bd.,  2.  Abth.,  pp. 

1-96, i-iv. 
1889. — Die  Parasiten  des  Menschen  und  die  von  ihnen  herriihrenden  Krankheiten. 

2.  Aufl..  I.  Bd.,  2.  Abth.,  4.  Lief.,  pp.  97-440. 
1892. — Ueber  den   grossen   amerikanischen  Leberegel  <Centralbl.  fur  Bak1 .  u. 

Paras.,  XI  (25),  16.  Juni,  pp.  797-799. 
1894. — Die  Parasiten  des  Meuschen  und  die  von  ihnen  herriihrendeu  Krankheiten. 

2.  Aufl.,  I.  Bd.,  2.  Abth  ,  5.  Lief.,  pp.  i-viii+441-736. 

INNAEU8,  C. 

1758. — Caroli  Linnaei  Systema  naturae  regnum  animale.     10.  ed. 
JNSTOW,  O.  vou. 

1878. — Compendium  der  Heltuinthologie.     Hannover. 
1889. — Compendium  der  Helminthologie.     Nachtrag.     Hannover. 
ooss,  A. 

1895. — Zur  Anatomic  und  Histologie  der  Bilharzia  haematobia  (Cobbold)  <Arch. 

f.  mikroskop.  Anat.,  Bd.  XL VI,  pp.  1-108,  Taf.  i-m. 

1896. — Recherches  sur  la  faune  parasitaire  de  Pfigypte.  Premiere  partie 
<Mem.  de  I'lnstitut  figyptien,  III,  pp.  1-252,  Pis.  i-xvi,  Cairo. 

jUNGWITZ,  J.  M. 

1895. — Taenia  orilla  Rivolta,  Anatomischer  Ban  und  die  Entwickelung  ihrer 
Geschlechtsorgane  <^Arch.  f.  wiss.  u.  prakt.  Thierheilk.,  XXI  (2-3),  pp. 
105-159,  Taf.  ii-m. 

JDTZ,  A. 

1892. — Zur    Lebensgeschichte  des    Distoma    hepaticum   <^Centralbl.  f.  Bakt.  u. 

Paras.,  XI  (25),  16.  Juni,  pp.  783-796. 
1893. — Weiteres  zur  Lebensgeschichte  des  Distoma  hepaticum  <^Centralbl.  f.  Bakt, 

u.  Paras.,  XIII  (10),  13.  Marz,  pp.  320-328. 


148  INSPECTION   OF    MEATS    FOR    ANIMAL    PARASITES. 

MEHLIS,  E. 

1825. — Observationes  anatomicae  de  distomate  hepatico  et  lanceolato.     Getting. 

fol.     1  Tab. 
NAUNYN,  B. 

1863. — Ueber  die  zu  Echinococcus  hominis  gehorige  Tiinie  <Arch.  f.  Anat.,  Phys. 

u.  wiss.  Med.,  pp.  412-416,  Taf.  x,  B,  tigs.  1-4. 
NEISSER,  A. 

1877. — Die  Echinococcen-Krankheit.     228  pp.     Berlin. 
NEUMANN,  L.  G. 

1892  A. — Trait6  des  maladies  parasitaires  non  microbiennes  des  animaux  donics- 

tiqin-8.     767  pp.,  364  figs.     Paris. 
1892  B. — A  Treatise  cm  the  Parasites  and  Parasitic  Diseases  of  the  Domesticated 

Animals.     Translated  and  edited  by  George  Fleming  from  2d  French.! 

edition.     800  pp.,  364  figs.     London. 
OSTERTAG,  R. 

1895. — Handbuch  der  Fleischbeschan  fiir  Tieriirzte,  Arzte  nnd  Richter.     2.  Autl.  ; 

xvi+733  pp.,  161  figs.     Stuttgart. 
1896. — Ueber  das  Vorkommen  der  Rinrlerfinnen  und  die  Verwertnug  des  Fleisches  j 

der  finnigen  Kinder  in  den  Grossern  Norddeutschen  Schlachthofeu  <J 

Zeit.  f.  Fleisch-u.  Milchhyg.,   VI,  Jhg.,  Heft  6,  8,  12.  pp.   103-107,  143-' 

149,  227-230. 
1897. — Beitrag  zur  Frage  der  Entwickelnng  der  Rinderfinnen  und  derSell»st-j 

Heilung  der  Rinderfinneukrankheit  <^Zeit.  f.  Fleisch-u.  Milchhyg,  VIII, 

Jhg.,  Heft  1  (Oct.),  pp.  1-4. 
OTTO,  R. 

1896. — Beitriige  zur  Anatomie  und  Histologie  der  Amphistomeen  <Deuts.  Zeit.  • 

Thiermed.,  XXII,  pp.  85-141,  figs.  1-17;  275-296,  figs.  18-30. 

POIRIER,  J. 

(1883). — Description  des  Helminthes  nouv.  du   Palonia  frontalis  <Bnllet.  Soc.  \ 

philomat.,  7.  se"r.,  VII,  pp.  73-80,  PI.  n. 
RAILLIKT,  A. 

1893.— Traite"  de  Zoologie  mddicale  et  agricole.     Fasc.  1,  pp.  1-736,  figs.  1-497.    j 
1895. — Sur  une  forme  particuliere  de  douve  hepaticjue  jiroveiiant  du  Senegal  <C. 

R.  Soc.  Biol.,  10.  sdr.,  II  (15),  10  mai,  pp.  338-340. 
1896.— Snr  quelques  parasites  du  dromadaire  <C.  R.  Soc.  Biol.,  10.  ser.,  Ill  (17),j 

22  niai,  pp.  489-492. 
1897.— La  Douve  pancrdatique  <Rec.  d.  Med.  Vet.,  8  ser.,  T.  IV,  No.  14,  pp.  371-^ 

377,  1  fig. 
RASSMUSSEN,  P.  B. 

1897. — Oin  okse-og  svinetinten  <Norsk  Veterinaer-Tidsskrift.,  IX,  n  og  m,  pp^ 

33-77;  also  <Maanedsskrift  for  Dyrlaeger,  IX,  ii-in,  i>p.  33-83. 
REISSMAN. 

1897.— Referat  [of  Vollers,  Noack,  Zschokke,  Foth,  Glage]  <Hygienische  Rund- 
schau, VII  (19),  1  Oct.,  pp.  966-973. 

In  this  Review,  -which  reached  us  after  our  proof  reading,  Reissmau  adds  some 
interesting  observations  of  his  own.  He  maintains  that  four  to  live  days  at  a  tem- 
perature of  — 79  C.  to  — 8C  C.  is  ample  to  insure  the  death  of  pork  measles.  The 
loss  of  weight  in  hams  in  freezing  is  slightly  less  than  2  per  cent. 

RUDOI.PHI,  K.  A. 

1803. — Nene  Beobachtungen  iiber  die  Eingeweidewiirmer  <Arch.  f.  Zonl.  und 

Zoot.,  Ill,  ii,  pp.  1-32. 
1809. — Entozoornm  sive  vermium   iutestiualium   historia  natnralis.     Amstelae- 

dami,  II,  n. 
1819. — Ento/oornm  synopsis  cui  acceduut  Mantissa  duplex  et  Indices.     Viiulo- 

bounae. 


BIBLIOGBAPHY.  149 

SCHAPEK,  A. 

1890. — Die  Leberegelkrankheit  der  Haussiiugethiere.  Eine  iitiologischeundpath- 
ologisch-anatoinische  Untersuchung  <Deut.  Zeit.  f.  Thiermed.,  Bd.  XVI, 
pp.  1-95,  Taf.  i-v. 

SCHONE. 

(1886). — Beitriige  zur  statistik  der  Entozoeii  des  Huudes.  8°.  Inaug.  Diss. 
Leipzig. 

SCHRANK,  F.  V    P. 

1790. — F8rtekning,  pa  nagra  hittils  obeskrifue  Intestinal-Krak  <^Kongl.  Veten- 

skaps.  Acad.  nya  HandL,  XI,  pp.  118-126. 
SOMMEU,  H.  O. 

1896. — Results  of  an  examination  of  fifty  dogs,  at  Washington,  D.  C.,  for  animal 

parasites  <Vet.  Mag.,  Ill,  p.  483-487. 
SONSIXO,  P. 

1876. — Intorno  ad  un  nuovo  parassito  del  bue  (Bilharzia  bovis)  <^Rendic.  Accad. 
Sc.  Fis.  Nat.  Napoli,  XV,  pp.  84-87. 

1890. — Studi  e  notizi  elinhitologiche  <^Proc.  Verb.  d.  Soc.  Tosc.  di  Sci.  Nat.,  4 
maggio,  16  pp. 

1896. — Varieta  di  Fasciola  hepatica  e  confront!  tra  le  diverse  specie  del  geuere 
Fasciola,  s.  st.  <Proc.  Verb.  Soc.  Tosc.  Sci.  Nat.,  3  maggio,  pp.  112-116. 
STILES,  Ch.  Wardell. 

1892. — Notes  on  Parasites  —  7 :  A  word  in  regard  to  Dr.  Francis  Distomum  texani- 
cum  < American  Vet.  Rev.,  XV,  March,  pp.  732-733. 

1893.— (See  Stiles  &  Hassall,  1893.) 

1894-1895. — The  Anatomy  of  the  Large  American  Fluke  (Fasciola  magna)  and  a 
comparison  with  other  species  of  the  genus  Fasciola,  s.  st.  Containing 
also  a  list  of  the  chief  epizootics  of  Fascioliasis  (Distomatosis)  and  a 
Bibliography  of  Fasciola  hepatica  by  Albert  Hassall  <^  The  Journal 
Comp.  Med.  and  Vet.  Arch.  1894,  XV,  pp.  161-178;  225-243,  Pis.  i-ir, 
figs,  a-g  in  text;  299-313,  Pis.  in-iv;  407-417;  457-462;  1895,  XVI,  pp. 
139-147;  213-222,  Pis.  vii-vm;  277-282. 

1895. — Notes  on  Parasites — 32:  On  the  rarity  of  Taenia  solium  in  North  America 
<  Vet.  Mag.,  II  (5),  May,  pp.  281-286. 

1895.— Notes  on  Parasites — 34  :  On  the  Presence  of  Adult  Cestodes  in  Hogs  <  Vet. 
Mag.,  II  (4),  April,  pp.  220-222. 

1896. — A  Revision  of  the  Adult  Tapeworms  of  Hares  and  Rabbits  <  Proc.  U.  S. 
Nat.  Mus.,  XIX,  pp.  145-235,  Pis.  v-xxv. 

1897. — The  Country  Slaughterhouse  as  a  Factor  in  the  Spread  of  Disease  <]  Year- 
book of  the  Department  of  Agriculture  for  1896,  pp.  155-166. 
&  HASSALL,  A. 


1893. — A  Revision  of  the  Adult  Cestodes  of  Cattle,  Sheep,  and  Allied  Animals 

<  Bulletin  4,  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agricul- 
ture, pp.  1-134,  Pis.  i-xvi.     Washington,  D.  C. 

1896. — Notes  on  Parasites — 44 :   Dicrocoelium  lanceatum   Stiles  &  Hassall,  1896. 

<  Vet.  Mag.,  Ill  (3),  March,  p.  158. 
STOSSICH,  M. 

1892. — I  distomi  dei  Mammiferi  <]  Programma  della  civica  scuola  Reale  superiore. 

42  pp.,  Trieste. 
TASCHENBERG,  O. 

1889.— Bibliotheca  Zoologica,  II,  pp.  VIII,  865-1730.     Leipzig. 
THOMAS,  A.  P. 

1882. — Second  Report  of  Experiments  on  the  Development  of  the  Liver  Fluke 
(Fasciola  hepatica)  <  Journ.  Roy.  Agric.  Soc.  of  England,  XVIII,  II,  pp. 
439-455,  figs.  1-6. 
1883. — The  Natural  History  of  the  Liver  Fluke  and  the  Prevention  of  Rot. 

<  Journ.  Roy.  Agric.  Soc.  of  England,  XIX,  I,  pp.  276-305,  figs.  1-20. 


150  INSPECTION    OP    MEATS    FOR    ANIMAL    PARASITES. 

THOMAS,  J.  D. 

1884. — Hydatid  disease,  with  special  reference  to  its  prevalence  in  Australia.   220 

pp.,  5  pp.     Adelaide. 
WARD,  H.  B. 

1896. — A  New  Human  Tapeworm  (Tcenia  confnsa  u.  sp. )   <^  Western  Med.  Rev., 

I.,  no.  2,  pp.  35-36,  figs.  1-2. 
1897.— Animal  Parasites  of  Nebraska  <  Report  Nebr.  St.  Bd.  Agric.  for  1896, 

pp.  173-189,  figs.  1-12. 
WEINLAND,  D.  F. 

1858. — Human  Cestoides.  An  Essay  on  the  Tapeworms  of  Man,  giving  a  full 
account  of  their  nature,  organization,  and  embryonic  development;  the 
pathological  symptoms  they  produce,  and  the  remedies  which  have 
proved  successful  in  modern  practice.  To  which  is  added  an  appendix, 
containing  a  catalogue  of  all  species  of  helminthes  found  in  man.  X  . 
93  pp.,  12  figs.  Cambridge  (Mass.).  (Actual  date  of  publication,  prior 
to  September  30,  1858.) 
WERNICKE,  R. 

1886. — Die  Parasiteii  der  Haustiere  in  Buenos  Ayres  <  Deut.  Zeit.  f.  Thiermed.  u. 

vergl.  Pathol.,  XII,  p.  304. 
ZEDER,  J.  G.  H. 

1800. — Erster  Nachtrag  zur  Naturgeschichte  der  Eingeweidewiiriner  mit  Zusiit- 

zen  und  Anmerkungeu  herausgegebeu.     4°.    320°pp.,  Taf.  i-vi.     Leipzig. 

1803. — Anleitung  zur  Naturgeachichte  der   Eingeweidewiirmer.     432  pp.     8°. 

Taf.  i-iv.     Bamberg. 
ZURN,  F.  A. 

1882. — Die  tierischen  Parasiten  auf  und  in  dem  Korper  uuserer  Haussiiugetiere. 
316  pp.,  Taf.  i-iv.     Weimar. 


INDEX  TO  TECHNICAL  NAMES. 


[Synonyms  in  italics  (Acephalocystis  ansa);  the  more  important  references  to  each  name  in  bold 

type  (113).] 


Page. 

Acephalocyttis 113, 115 

ansa 113 

communig 113 

cystifera 113 

endogena 113, 116 

eremita  gterilis 113 

exogena 113, 116 

granosa 113 

granulosa 113 

humana 113 

intersecta 113 

macaci 113 

ovis  trayelaphi 113 

o  voided 113 

plana 113 

prolifera 113 

prolifera  sociali» 113 

racemosa 113 

simplex 113 

suilla 113 

surculigera 113 

Agamodistomum 28 

suis 22,  28,  29, 143 

Akis  spiuosa 86 

Akealces 142 

Alcea  machlis 142 

palmatus 142 

Alyst  Iminthus  expansus 128 

Amabilia 69 

Amphistoma 24,  64 

bothriophorum 24,  67 

cervi 24,64,65,66,67,139,140,141,142 

eonicum 64 

crumeniferum 67 

explanatnm 24,  67 , 140 

tuberculatum 67 ,  140 

Amphistoroidae 22,24,27,64 

Amphistomum  eonicum 64 

Aiiisolabis  annulipes 86 

Anoplocephala  Vogti 127 

Anoplocephaliuae , 24,  25, 68,  70, 1 25 

Autilocapra  aruericana 141 

Antilope  euchore 141 

leucoryx 141 


saiga . 


141 


A  so  pin  farinalis 86 

Astoma  acephalocystis 113 

Atrypanorhyncha 68 

Auchenia  llama 1 43 


Page. 

Bilhartzia  crassa 60 

Bilharzia 60 

bovis 60 

capensis 58 

haematobia 58 

crasna 60 

hominis .    68 

magna 58 

magna 58,  59, 138 

Bos  bnbalis 23,  48, 139 

frontalis , 139 

indicus 139 

taurus 20,23,28,48,140 

Boselaphus  tragocamelus 141 

Bothriocephalidae 84,  85 

Bothriocephalinae 85 

Bothriocephalus 85, 101, 103, 105 

cordatus 85,137,138 

cristatiis 86 

fuscus 138 

latus 84,85,137,138 

Mansoni 85,137 

serratus 138 

tropicus 72 

Camelns  bactrianus 143 

droinedarius 143 

Canis  familiaris 138 

Capra  aries 112 

hircus 141 

pyrenaica 141 

Capreolus  caprea 142 

Cariacus  americanus 141 

campestris 141 

nanibi 142 

paludosus 142 

rufus 142 

simplicicornis 142 

virginianus 142 

Carnivora 138 

Castor  fiber 139 

Cavia  cobaya 139 

Cercaria  pigmentata 64, 65, 143 

Cercopithecus  cephus 138 

cynoaurus 138 

fuliginosus 59, 138 

ii  in  na 138 

pataa 138 

sabaens 138 

Cervus  alces 142" 

151 


152 


INSPECTION   OF    MEATS    FOR   ANIMAL    PARASITES. 


Page  Page. 

Cervus  axis 142      Diskottoma  aeephalneyttis 113 

canadensis 142      Distoma  eapense 58 

dama 142  (Cladocoelium)  liepaticttm 29 

claphus 142  coelomaticum  57 

tarandus. ..-      142  (Dicrocoeliuin)  coelomaticum 57 

unicolor 142  lanceolatum 55 

Cestoda 21,24,68  hepaticum 29,49 

Cetacea 143  lanceolatum 55 

Cittotaenia  deiiticulata 126  pancreaticuin 57 

Cladocoelium  giganteum 49,51  i  Distomum  americanuw 51 

hepaticum 29  (liilharzia)  hacmatobium 60 

Coenurus 11,21,25,69,70,85  caviae 48 

cerebralis 25,70,106,108,  erassum 51 

109,110,111,112,139,140,141,142,143  (Fasciola)  hepaticum 29 

serialis 110,139  giganteum 49 

Coregonus  albula 85  haematobium 58 

lavaretus 85  '  hepatieum 29 

Cynocephalus  maimon 138  lanceolatum 55 

Cysticercus 21,24,25,69,70,73,74,85  magnum 49 

acanthotrias 89  musculorum  suis 2S 

albopunctatus 89  oculi-humani 48 

bothryoides 89  ophthalmobium 48 

bovis 11,12,17,26,70,  pancreaticuin 57 

71, 74,  75, 79, 80,  83,  92, 101, 140, 141, 143  texanicum 61 

caprinu* 96      Echinococcifer 70 

cellnlosae 11,  12,  25,  70,  79, 83, 89,90,  92,  echinococcus 114 

93,  94,  95,  10i;  123, 137, 138,139, 142, 143       Echinococcus 11, 

cellulosus 89  12,21.25, 69,70.79,85,101,113.118 

clavatus 96  altricipariens Illl.IKi 

dicystus 89  \  alveolaris 113,117 

echinococcus 118  arietis 113 

flnna 89  cerebralis 113 

finnus 89  cerebri 113 

Fischerianut 89  coenuroides 113 

inermis 71  cysticus 113 

lineatux 96  endogena 113 

melanocephalus 89  giraffae 113 

multilocularis • 89  granulotux 113,116 

ovis 96  hepatis 113 

pyriformit 89  hominis 113,117 

racemosus 89  hydatidosvs 113,116 

simiae 96  infusorium 113 

soliuin 89  intercranialis 113 

suis 89  lieni* 113 

Taeniae  mediocanfllatae 71  mesenterii 113 

saginatae 71  multilocularis 113,117 

tenuicollis 11,25,  exulcerans 113 

28,  70,  78,  79,93,96,97,101,103,  hepatis 113 

•  137,138,139,140,141,142,143  multiplex 113 

turbinatus 89  osteoklastes 113 

visceralis  simiae 96  pardi 113 

Cysticerkus bovis 71  polymorphic 25,70,79, 

cellulonae.. 89  ;  113,117,137,138,139,140,141,142.143 

tenuicollis 96;  process,  vermiformis 113 

Davainea  madagascariensis 86,  137  pulmonum, 113 

Dicotyle 59  racemosus 113,117 

Dicrocoelium 22,  55  retroperitonealis 113 

lanceatum 23,  scolicipariens 113,116 

55,56,  137,  138,  139,  140,  141,142,143,  simiae 113,117 

lanceolatum 55  simplex 113,  116 

pancreaticum 23,55,56,57,140  fubphrenicus 113 

Digenea •• 27  unilocularis 113 

Dipylidiinae 68,  85,  86  veterinorum 113,117 

Dipylidium  caninum 84,       J^chinolcokkux 113 

85,86,102,103,104,105,137,138      Elephas  indicns 139 


INDEX    TO    TECHNICAL    NAMES. 


153 


Page.  Page. 

Equus  asinus 189       Inuus  cynomolgug 188 

eaballns 139  ecaudatus 138 

Fasciola - 22,27,29      Kobua  ellipsiprynms 141 

americana 49   j   Krabbea  grandis 85, 137 

Kuchholzii 55   j   Lepus  californicus 189 

carnosa 49  callotis 189 

cervi 64  cunicnlus 139 

elaphi 04  domesticus 139 

gigantea *9  timidus 139 

gigantica 23,29,48,49,50,51,137,140,141  ;          variabilis 139 

hepatica 22,29,30,31,32,33,34,      Limacidae 56 

35,  37,  38,  41,  42,  43,  45,  51,  52,  53,  55,       Limnaea 55,56 

56,  57,  137,  138,  139,  140,  141,  142,  143  bumilis 43 

aegyptiaca 28,48,49,50,139,140  oahuensis :  32,43,143 

angusta 28,48,49,137,140  peregra 42,43 

caviae 48,139  rubella 32,48,143 

humana 29  ;          truncatula 32,42,43,46,143 

Jacksoni 29  viator 43 

lanceolata 55   j  Linguatula  rhinaria 119,121 

magna 22,27,      Lota  lota 85 

29,42,49,51,52,53,54,55,140,141,142   '   Lucius  lucius 85 

Fasciolidae 22,  27,  28  i  Lumbricus  hydropicus 96 

Fasciolinae 22,28  J          latut 72 

Fasciolaria  hepatica 29   j  Macaciis  cynomolgus 138 

Felis  domestica 138  inuus 138 

Fvstucaria  cervi 64  silenus 138 

Finna 89  j  Macropus  giganteus 143 

Gammarus  Siraoni 59  major 143 

Gastrothylax 24      Malacocotylea 27 

Cobboldii 24,67,69,139      Mammalia 138 

cnimenifer 24,  67,  68, 69, 140      Marsupialia 1 43 

crumeniferum 67      Nazama  rvfus 142 

elongatum 24,67,70,139      Mesocestoides 102 

gregarius 24,67,71,139  lineatus 105,138 

Gazella  dorcas 141      Mollusca 148 

euchore 141   |  Moniezia 26,126,127 

Giraffa  camelopardalis 141  alba 26,126,127,140 

Gynaecophorug  bovis 60  dubia 127 

crassus 60  Benedeni 26,126,128,140 

haemalobius 58  i          caprae 14! 

Halysis  marginata 96  denticulata 126 

ovina 128  expansa .26, 126, 127, 

tolium 71,72,90  128,129,130,131,132,139,140,141,142 

Hexathrydium  venarum 48  fimbriata 128 

Hippotragus  equinua 141  Neumanui 26,126,128,140 

Homalogaster 24  nullicollis 26,126,140 

paloniae 24,67,72,139  ovitta 129 

Poirieri 24,67,140  macilenta 129,130 

Homo  sapiens 187  planissima...  26,120,121,122,126,127,132,140 

Hydatides 96  trigonophora 27, 126, 1:!8, 1.31, 132, 140 

Hydatigena  cerebrate 109  Vogti 26,126,127,140 

globosa 96      Monostoma  conicum 64 

granulosa 113  elaphi 64 

oblomja 96      Monostomum  hepaticum  tuis 28, 96 

orbicularis 96  lentis 48 

Hydatig  animata 96      Multicepe 109 

erratica 113      Mns  rattus 139 

flnna 89      Nemathelminthes 21 

humana 89      Neotaenia 89 

piriformis 89      Onchorrhynchus  Perryi 85 

Hydatula  solitaria 96      Orca  gladiator 143 

Hydra  hydatula 96  j  Qryx  beisa 141 

Hymenolepis 86  leucoryx 141 

diminuta 86,  137      Ovibos  moschatus 140 

niurina 86,137      Ovis  ammoii 140 


154 


INSPECTION    OF    MEATS    FOR    ANIMAL    PARASITES. 


Page. 

O vis  argali 1 40 

aries 20,28,140 

laticauda 141 

musimon 141 

Ovuligera  carpi 113 

Papio  maimon 138 

Pentastoma  coarctata 72 

Perca  fluviatilia 85 

Phachochoerus  aethiopicua  143 

africanus 143 

Physa  alexandrina 05, 143 

micropleura 65, 143 

Planaria  latiuscula 29 

Planorbis 56 

marginatus 56 

Plathelminthes 20,  21 

Polycephalus  bovinut 109 

echinococcus 113 

granosus 113 

granulogus 113 

hominis 113 

humanus 118 

ovinus 109 

Potamochoerus  penicillatus 143 

porous 148 

Pulex  serraticeps 86 

Pulmonata 56 

Rodentia 189 

Rupieapra  tragus 141 

Saiga  tartarica 141 

Salmo  lacuatris 85 

salar 85 

trutta 85 

umbla 85 

Scaurns  striatus 86 

Scbiatosoma 23,27,58,63 

bovis 28,  58,60,61,62,  140 

haematobium ....  23,  57,  68,  59,  60, 137, 138, 140 

Schistosomum  bovis 60 

haematobium 58 

Schistosominae 22,  23,  58 

Sciurus  cinereus 139 

vulgaris 139 

Semiiopithecus  entellus 138 

Simia  faunus 137 

inuus 187 

rubra 137 

Menus 138 

Solium 72 

Stilesia 26,27,127,130 

centripunctata 27, 126,  130,140 

globipunctata 27, 126, 130, 140 

Strigea  cervi 64 

Strongylus  contortus 128,  132 

Sus  aerofa 148 

domestica 20, 28, 143 

Taeiiia 24,  70 

abietina 72 

aculeata 129 

alba 127 

albopunctata 89 

hominis 89 

algerien 72 

algeriensis 72 

apri 96 


Pago. 

Taeiiia  ( Arhynchotaenia)  echinococcus 114 

Benedeni 1 28 

booina 96 

Jirandti 1 30 

capensis 72 

caprina i»(i 

cateniformix 96,  114 

lupi 98 

cellulosae 89 

centripunctata 1 30 

cerebralin 109 

coenurus 70.98,99,102,103, 

104, 105, 107, 108, 109, 110,  111,  112,  13K 

confusa 85, 137 

continua 72,  90 

crucigera 142 

cucumerina 114 

cucurbitina 71,  89 

grandis  saginata 71 

pellucida 89 

plana  pellucida 89 

saginata 71 

( Cysticercus)  acanthotriag 90 

( Cystotaenia)  mediocanellata 72 

tolium 90 

degener 90 

de  la  premiere  etpece 72 

seconde  espece 72 

dentata 72,90 

denticulata 126 

echinococca 114 

(Echinococci/er)  echinococcim 114 

echinococens 70,  85, 

102,103, 104, 105, 113,114, 115, 124, 138 

(Echinococcus)  echinococciis 114 

echinokokkus 114 

expanta 127, 128 

fenestrata 72,90 

ferarum 96 

fimbriata 1 2  S 

finna 89 

flavopunctata 86, 137 

fusa 72,90 

Oiardi 129 

globipunctata 1 30 

globosa 96 

granulosa 113 

hamoloculata 90 

humana  armata 90 

hydatigena 96 

anomala 89 

hydatigera 89 

hydatoidea 96 

inermis 72, 105 

fenestrata 72 

Krabbei 102,  138 

lata 72 

longissima 72 

lophonoma  72 

lupina 96 

marginata 70,  89, 96, 

97,  98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 138 

mediocancellata 72 

mediocanellata 72 

hominis 72 


INDEX    TO    TECHNICAL    NAMES. 


155 


Page. 

Taenia  megaloon 72 

(Moniezia)  expansa 128 

planissima 127 

trigonophora 128 

mummificata 72 

muscularis 89 

nana 86, 114,137 

nigra 72 

officinaLis 90 

ovilla 96,  126,  129 

ovina 128 

ovipunctata -  -  -     1 30 

pseudo-cueum.erina 106 

pyri/ormis 89 

saginata 11,  68,  70,  7 1,  72,  73,  74, 

75,  76,  77, 81,  83, 84,  85, 86,  87,  89, 94, 137 

sans  epine 72 

tcalariforme 90 

secunda  Plate.ri 72 

serialis 102, 103, 101, 105, 110, 112, 138 

serrata 98,  99, 102, 103, 104, 105, 138 

serrata 114 

simiae 96 

solitaria 71,  90 

solium 11,68,70, 

71, 83,  84,  85, 86,  89, 90,  91, 92,  94, 96, 137 

"solium  of  dogs" 96 

solium  abietina 72 

continua 72,  90 

fenestrata 90 

fusa 72,  90 

mediocanellata 72 

minor 72,90 

scalariforme 90 

(Stilesia)  centripunctata 130 

tenella 90 

tropica 72 

turbinata 90 


Page. 

Taen  ia  vervecina 96 

vesicularis 109 

vigceralis  socialis  granulosa 118 

Yogti 127 

vulgaris 72,90 

zittaviensis 72 

Taeniarhynchus  mediocanellata 7? 

Taeniidae 68,  84,  85, 101 

Taeniinae 24, 68,  70, 85 

Tarandus  rangifer 142 

Tenia  armataumana 90 

Tenia  sans  epine 72 

Tetrassichiona 68 

Thecosoma  haematobium 68 

ThymalluB  vulgaris 85 

Thysaiiosoma 127, 128 

actinioides  . .  25, 126, 128, 133, 134, 136, 140, 142 

Giardi 26, 126, 127, 129, 130, 140,143 

ovilla 130 

ovillum 130 

Toniiosoma 68 

Trachelocampules 89 

Trachelocampylus 89 

Tremaloda 21,  22,27 

Trichodectes  canis 86 

Ursns  arctos 138 

Vermeg  vesiculares 96 

Vermis  cucurbitinus 72 

vesieularit  eremita 96 

socialis 109 

Vesicaria  finna  siiilla 89 

granulosa 113 

hygroma  humana 89 

lobata  suilla 89 

orbicularia 96 

socialis 109 

Vulpes  lagopus 138 


INDEX  TO  SUBJECTS. 


Page. 
Abattoir  inspection  for — 

beef  measles 77 

gid  bladder  •worm 112 

hydatid  disease 121 

lancet  fluke 57 

large  American  liver  fluke 55 

meat  of  animals  with  flukes 47 

pork  measles 92 

tapeworms  in  intestines  of  sheep  and 

cattle 136 

thin-necked  bladder  worm 101 

Africa,  eating  of  flukes  by  natives 66 

American  liver  fluke — 

egg 52 

large,  disease 52 

notes 49 

pathology 53 

position  in  host 54 

prevalence  and  life  history 51 

relation  to  cattle  industry 54 

source  of  infection 55 

Amphistomes  — 

discussion  of  family 64-67 

list  of  species 67 

Areca  nut.  use  in  tapeworm  disease  of  sheep 

and  cattle '. 133 

Arkansas,  prevalence  of  fluke   disease   in 

cattle 51 

Armed  tapeworm,  danger  to  man  of  infec- 
tion with  larvae 87 

Australia,  death  among  cattle  from  conical 

fl  ukes 66 

Beef  measles — 

adult  stage  of  tapeworm 71 

destruction  by  cold  storage 83 

cooking  meat 81 

salt  solution 17 

discussion,  and  lifehistory  of  tapeworm.  71 

disease  in  cattle 75 

influence  of  age  and  sex  on  infection  of 

cattle 80 

season 80 

position  of  parasites 78 

prevention  by  process  to  kill  parasites.  .  78 

in  cattle 77 

suggestions  for  diagnosis 77 

symptoms  in  cattle 76 

Beef,  measly — 

manner  of  disposition 81 

methods  of  preparation  for  food 82 

prices  in  Berlin 82 


Beef,  prices  of  diseased  grades  in  Saxony. .  20 

Benzine,  use  for  fluke  disease  in  steers 45 

Berlin,  statistics  of  abattoirs  for  cysticercus 

in  cattle 80 

Bibliography  of  the  more  important  works 

cited 145-150 

Bilharziosis — 

disease  in  man  from  fluke 61 

prognosis  and  treatment  in  man 63 

Bladder— 

of  man,  effect  of  bilharziosis 62 

worm,  appearance  of  calcareous  bodies.  74 

cygtieercus,  characters 71 

destruction  by  salting 82 

ease  of  recognition 78 

gid,  of  sheep   and    calves,   discus- 
sion   108-112 

position  in  disease  of  beef  measles.  78 

salting  as  means  of  destruction 82 

thin-necked,  life  history 97 

prevention  of  disease 101 

Blood  flukes  in  man  and  cattle- 
life  history 53 

probabilities  of  appearance  in  United 

States 64 

Bluestone,  use  in  tapeworm  disease  of  sheep 

and  cattle 1:53 

Bothriocephalidae,  description 85 

Bovine  blood  fluke,  discovery  in  Egypt 60 

Bread  cakes,  kind  used  for  fluke  disease  in 

sheep 44 

Burial  of  diseased  meats,  grounds  for  oppo- 
sition    16 

Bunk  on  use  of  benzine  for  steers  with  fluke 

disease 45 

Butchers,  value  of  information  regarding 

tapeworms 12 

California,  fluke  disease  among  dairy  cows  .  53 
Calves— 

gid  bladder  worms,  discussion 108-112 

stages  of  disease  with  gid  worm 110 

treatment  and  prevention  of  gid  disease .  Ill 
Cattle- 
adult  tapeworms 125 

and  sheep,  infestation  with  tapeworms.  68 
diagram  showing  season  of  danger  from 

flukes 4] 

differential  diagnosis  of  parasites 78 

discussion  of  echinococcus  hydatid  . .  113-125 

disease  from  common  liver  fluke 36 

thin.uecked  bladder  worm 99 

157 


158 


INSPECTION    OF    MEATS    FOR    ANIMAL    PARASITES. 


Cattle — Continued. 

effects  of  common  liver  fluke. . . 

large  American  liver  fluke. 

forms  of  Moniezia 

frequency  of  Gytticercus  bovis. . 


Page. 
34 
54 

..  127 
80 

general  precautions  against  fluke  dis- 
ease    47 

hydatid  disease 118 

infection  with  beef  measles 75 

influence  of  age  and  sex  on  beef  mea- 
sles infection 80 

in  disease  from  flukes 40 

season  on  beef  measles 80 

lancet  fluke 55 

lesions  of  bovine  blood  fluke 60 

life  history  of  adult  tapeworm 130 

location  of  beef  measles 78 

manner   of    receiving    infection    with 

tapeworms 72 

means  of  prevention  of  beef  measles  ...  77 

fluke  disease 46 

methods  of  preventing  infection  from 

tapeworm  of  man 83 

pancreatic  fluke,  description 57 

parasitic  worms 20 

post-mortem  in  beef  measles 76 

preparations  for  treatment  of  fluke  dis- 
ease    44 

prevention  of  tapeworm  disease 135 

snails  as  source  of  infection  with  flukes.  42 

species  of  fl  ukes 28 

suggestions    for    diagnosis    of     beef 

measles 77 

symptoms  of  beef  measles 76 

table  showing  number  condemned  for 

hydatids 123 

tapeworm  disease 131-136 

tendency  to  fatten  from  fluke  disease  . .  45 

treatment  for  tapeworm  disease 133 

of  disease  from  flukes 43 

of  verminous  diseases 15 

Cestodes  or  tapeworms — 

discussion 68 

order  of  flat  worms,  discussion 21 

Cochin  China,  disease  from  pancreatic  fluke.  57 

Coemtriis,  characters 70 

Cold  storage — 

effect  on  diseased  meats 17 

use  in    rendering   measly  beef  whole- 
some    83 

Compendium  of  parasites  arranged  accord- 

ingto  their  hosts 137-143 

Conical  fluke  of  cattle  and  sheep,  life  his- 
tory    64 

Cooking  as  means  of — 

killing  beef  measles 81 

making  diseased  meats  safe  for  food 17 

Copenhagen,  statistics  for  beef  measles 80 

Curtice,  statement  as  to  treatment  of  adult 

tapeworm  in  sheep 129 

Cysticerci,  methods  of  killing 81 

Cyaticercus — 

characters 70 

methods  of  finding  in  meat 79 

time  of  development 73 

Delafond,  formulas  for  fluke  disease 44 


Page. 

Dicrocoeles,  species 55 

Diet,  kind  necessary  for  man  in  treatment 

for  tapeworm 88 

Dinwiddie  on  fluke  disease  in  Arkansas  ...  51 
post  mortem  examination  for  American 

liver  fluke 53 

Dipylidiinae,  characters 86 

Distomes,  discussion 28 

Dogs- 
adult  tapeworm 123 

discussion  of  adult  tapeworms 101-108 

echinococcus  tapeworm 113-125 

gid  tapeworm 108-112 

life  history  of  hydatid  tapeworm 114 

management  to  prevent  tapeworm  dis- 
ease in  man 125 

necessity  for  exclusion  from  slaughter- 
houses    15 

number  and  percentage  infected  with 

tapeworms 105 

prevention  of  tapeworm   important  to 

public  hygiene  and  to  farm  profits...  11 

tapeworm  disease 102 

treatment  for  tapeworms 106-108 

Domesticated  animals,  treatment  and  pre- 
vention of  hydatid  disease 121 

Dose,  size  for  sheep  and  cattle  in  tapeworm 

disease , 1 34 

Echinococcus,  characters 70 

Echinococcus  hydatid  and  tapeworm  ....  113-125 

Egypt,  disease  from  blood  fluke 6C 

Egyptian  liver  fluke,  notes 48 

Europe,  benefit  from  inspection  of  meat  for 

"measles  " 89 

European  cities  and  towns,  management  of 

slaughterhouse 14 

Eye,  decrease  of  disease  as  result  of  inspec- 
tion    11 

Fascioles,  forms  in  American  cattle 29 

Feed,  care  for  prevention  of  tapeworm  dis- 
ease    136 

Fern — 

male,  extract,  use  against  tapeworm  in 

man 88 

root,  use  in  tapeworm  disease  of  sheep 

and  cattle 133 

Fertilizer,  use  of  diseased  meats 16 

Flatworms,  two  orders,  discussion 21 

Fluke  disease- 
general  precautions 47 

in  animals,  preventive  measures 46 

lack  of  laws  in  America 48 

preventive  measures 46 

Flukes— 

and   tapeworms  of  cattle,   sheep,   and 

hogs,  key 21 

bovine,    blood,    freedom  of  man  from 

danger  of  infection 64 

*  common  liver,  diagnosis  of  disease  in 

animals 39 

diagrams  illustrative  of  occurrence.  41 

effects  on  cattle,  sheep,  and  hogs 34 

generations 33 

in  man 48 

names  of  disease 34 


INDEX    TO    SUBJECTS. 


159 


Flukes — Continued.  Page, 

common  liver  of  cattle,  sheep,  and  hogs.  29 

time  of  infection  of  cattle 42 

varieties 48 

conical,  distribution 65 

geographical  distribution  and  seasons  .  40 

in  cattle,  sheep,  and  hogs,  key 22 

means  for  prevention  of  scattering  eggs 

in  fields 46 

of  cattle,  pancreatic 57 

or  trematodes,  technical  discussion 27 

order  of  flat  worms,  discussion 21 

pathological  effects  upon  domesticated 

animals 36 

position  in  diseased  animals 40 

snails  as  source  of  infection  of  cattle  . .  42 
source  of  infection  of  man  with  bilbar- 

ziosis 61 

treatment  of  disease  of  cattle 43 

Francis,  report  on  fluke  disease 53, 54 

Freibank,  history  of  German  system  of  sell- 
ing inferior  meats 19 

Fringed  tapeworm — 

cause  of  disease  in  sheep 128 

treatment  of  disease  in  sheep 129 

Germany — 

effect   of  meat   inspection    on    human 

health 11 

frequency  of  hydatid  disease 122 

prices  of  measly  beef 83 

system  of  selling  diseased  meats 18 

Giant  liver  fluke,  notes 49 

Gid  bladder  worm — 

disease,  treatment  and  prevention  for 

calves  and  sheep '. Ill 

in  sheep  and  calves 108-112 

tapeworm  in  dogs,  discussion 108-112 

Hard-shell  tapeworms,  description  and  clas- 
sification   70 

Hauber's  lick  for  sheep  with  fluke  disease.  44 
Heat,    temperature   necessary  to    destroy 

bladder  worms 82 

Hertwig,  note  on  destruction  of  beef  mea- 
sles by  heat 82 

Highlands,  freedom  from  flukes 40 

Hogs- 
diagram  showing  season  of  danger  from 

flukes 41 

disease  from  common  liver  fluke 36 

thin-necked  bladder  worm 99 

of  measles  and  position  of  parasites  92 

effects  of  common  liver  flnke 34 

general  precautions  against  fluke  dis- 
ease    47 

guaranty  of  freedom  from  infection  with 

pork  measles 91 

infection  with  tapeworms 68 

lancet  fluke - 55 

means  of  prevention  of  fluke  disease 46 

parasite  worms 20 

pathology  of  hydatid  disease 120 

Prussian  statistics  of  frequency  of  Gyg- 

ticercux  cellulosae 93 

raising  at  slaughterhouses 15 

species  of  flukes 28 

treatment  for  verminous  diseases 15 


Human  beings —  Page. 

blood  fluke,  life  history 53 

prevention  of  spread  of  tapeworms 11 

Hutcheon,  Dr.,  method  of  treating    tape- 
worm disease 133 

Hydatid— 

cysts,  modifications 114 

disease  in — 

hogs 120 

man 124 

prevention  in  man 125 

sheep 119 

various  animals 117 

frequency  in  various  animals 121 

in  man  and  domesticated  animals,  dis- 
cussion    113-125 

tables  showing  cases  by  nationality, 

age,  and  localities 124, 125 

tapeworm,  life  history 114 

Iceland,  frequency  of  hydatid  disease 122 

India,  frequency  of   hydatids  in  domesti- 
cated animals 122 

Inspection — 

method  for  beef  measles 78 

of  abattoirs  for  beef  measles 77 

meat  of  animals  diseased  with  fl  tikes  47 
Inspectors,  meat,  necessity  for  information 

about  tapeworms 11 

Japan,  disease  from  pancreatic  fluke 57 

Jurisprudence  in  regard  to  fluke  disease  ...  48 
Kamala,  use  in  tapeworm  disease  of  sheep 

and  cattle '. 133 

Kidney  of  man,  bilharziosis 62 

Lambs — 

effect  of  tapeworm  disease 128 

stages  of  disease  from  gid  worm 110 

Lancet  flnke  in  cattle — 

life  history 56 

sheep,  and  hogs 55 

Laws  regarding  fluke  disease 48 

Leuckart.  chart  for  fluke  disease  in  cattle 

slaughtered  in  Berlin 40 

Lewis,  investigation  of  effects  of  heat  on 

bladder  worms 82 

Liver— 

echinococcus,  symptoms  .  119 

fluke,  common,  effects  on  cattle,  sheep, 

and  hogs 34 

in  man 48 

life  history 30 

narrow,  notes : 48 

of  cattle,  sheep,  and  hogs 29 

varieties 48 

Man- 
adult  and  larval  tapeworm 94 

common  liver  fluke 48 

danger  from  larvae  of  armed  tapeworm .  87 

diet  in  treatment  for  tapeworm 88 

discussion  of  echinococcus  hydatid  ..  ]  13-125 

tapeworm 82-101 

guaranty  of  freedom  from  infection  with 

pork  measles 91 

hydatid  disease 124 

infection  with  Cysticercus  cellulosae 95 

methods  for  prevention  of  tapeworm. . .  89 

prevention  of  hydatid  disease 125 


160 


INSPECTION    OF    MEATS    FOR    ANIMAL    PARASITES. 


Man — Continued.  Page, 

symptoms,  diagnosis,  and  treatment  of 

infection  with  tapeworm 87 

symptoms  of  bilharziosis 61 

ways  of  determining  species  of  tape- 
worm    86 

Marginate  tapeworm — 

discussion  — 96 

in  dogs 101-108 

life  history 97 

Market,  question  of  sale  of  measly  beef 81 

Marshes,    favorableness    to    disease    from 

flukes 40 

Marshy  ground,  methods  of  prevention  of 

fluke  disease 46 

Measles — 

beef,    appearance    of    feverishness    in 

cattle 75 

life  history  of  tapeworm 72 

Measly  beef — 

manner  of  disposition 81 

rule  of  Ostertag,  for  salting  for  food. . .        83 
Meat  inspectors,  necessity  for  information 

regarding  tapeworms 11 

Meats — 

condemned,  disposal 15 

diseased,  reasons  against  burial  or  burn- 
ing         16 

disposal  when  affected  with  fluke  dis- 
ease          47 

infected,  selling  under  declaration 18 

infected  with  beef  measles,  question  of 

use 78 

object  of   report  on  flukes   and  tape- 
worms          11 

Mojowski,  treatment  of  sheep  with  naptha- 

line  for  fluke  disease 45 

Moniezia,  genus  of  tapeworms 127 

Monkey,  sooty,  parasite  found  by  Cobbold.        59 

Muscle  fluke  of  swine. *      28 

Mutton,  prices  of  diseased  grades  in  Saxony        20 
Naphthaline,  use  for  fluke  disease  in  sheep .        45 

K omenclature,  scientific,  use  in  report 13 

Ostertag — 

compilation  of  data  concerning  measly 

beef 20 

rule   for   cooking    meat   to    kill   beef 

measles 82 

salting  measly  beef 83 

statement  as  to  common  liver  fluke  in 

European  cattle 36 

Overdose  in  treatment  of  tapeworm  disease, 

management 135 

Parasites — 

general  methods  of  prevention  of  dis- 
eases    14 

of  bilharziosis,  pathology 62 

position 61 

position  of  flukes  in  diseased  animals . .  40 

worms  in  cattle,  sheep,  and  hogs 20 

Picric  acid,  use  for  tapeworm  disease  in  cat- 
tle and  sheep 133 

Pillizzari,  investigation  of  bladder  worms . .  82 
Pleuro-piieumonia,   feature    distinguishing 

from  hydatid  disease 119 


Pork—  Page. 

bladder  worm,  life  history 90 

measle  tapeworm,  prevalence  in  man, 

and  characters 89 

measles,  disease  in  hogs,  inspection 91 

measly,  disposition 94 

Preventive  measures  against  fluke  disease.  46 
Prussia,  frequency  of  infection    of  cattle 

with  cysticercus 80 

Pumpkin  seed— 

for  tapeworm  in  sheep 129 

uae  against  tapeworm  in  man 88 

Rats,  necessity  for  exclusion  from  slaugh- 
terhouses    15 

Itisaling,  method  of  finding  cysticercus  in 

meat 79 

Salting  as — 

means  of  making  diseased  meat  safe  for 

food 17 

method    of    destruction   of   bladder 

worms  in  meats 82 

Sandwich  Islands,  prevalence  of  fasciolia- 

sis 42 

Saxony,  Kingdom,  statistics  of  meat  classi- 
fication    19 

Schmidt-Miilheim,  method  of  finding  cysti- 
cercus in  meat 79 

Sicily,  prevalence  of  fluke  disease  among 

sheep 00 

Sheep- 
adult  tapeworms 125 

danger  t<>  cattle  from  fluke  disease 45 

diagram  showing  season  of  danger  from 

flukes 41 

discussion  of  echinococcus  hydatid..  113-125. 

disease  caused  by  fringed  tapeworm . . .  128 

from  common  liver  fluke 34 

from  thin-necked  bladder  worm. ...  99 

effects  of  common  liver  fluke 34 

forms  of  Jfoniezia 127 

frequency  of  lancet  fluke 56 

general  precautions  against  fluke  dis- 
ease    47  j 

gid  bladder  worm,  discussion 108-112 

hydatid  disease 119 

lancet  fluke 55 

lesions  of  bovine  blood  fluke 60 

life  history  of  adult  tapeworm loO 

means  of  prevention  of  fluke  disease. . .  46 

parasitic  worms 20 

prevention  of  tapeworm  disease 135 

species  of  flukes 28 

tendency  to  fatten  from  fluke  disease  . .  45 
treatment  and  prevention  of  gid  dis- 
ease    Ill 

for  tapeworm  disease 133 

of  disease  from  flukes 44 

fringed  tapeworm 129  • 

verminous  diseases 15 

Slaughterhouse — 

care  to  prevent  tapeworm  infection  ....  121, 

125. 138.J 

disposal  upon  abandonment 15 

raising  of  hogs  in  yards 15 

sanitary  supervision 14 

steps  for  segregation 14 


INDEX    TO    SUBJECTS. 


161 


55 


42 


Snails  as —  -Page. 

t     enemies  of  stock  raisers 42 
means  of  destroying,  for  prevention  of 
fluke  disease 47 
source  of  infection  with  large  American 
liver  flcke 
tock  raisers — 
snails  as  enemies 

value  of   information  regarding  tape- 
worms           12 

Suez,  case  of  bilharziosis 61 

Swine.    (See  alto  Hogs.) 

adult  tapeworms 126 

discussion  of  echinococcus  hydatid  ..  113-125 
Taenia  marginata  iu  dogs,  period  of  devel 

opment 104 

Taeniidae,  description ----        85 

discussion  of  family  of  tapeworms 68-136 

Tapeworm  disease — 

caution  in  treatment 134 

dogs 102 

in  cattle  and  sheep 131-136 

man,  decrease  as  result  of  inspec- 
tion of  meats 11 

sheep  and  cattle,  prevention 135 

1 1  Tapeworms — 

adult,  iu  cattle  and  sheep 125 

and  flukes  of  cattle,  sheep,  andhogs.key.        21 
differences  of  cysticercus  and  echiuococ- 

cus 

dogs 

fringed,  cause  of  disease  in  sheep 

treatment  of  disease  in  sheep 

gid,-in  dogs,  discussion 108-112 

hard  shell,  description  and  classifica- 
tion          70 

life  history 69 

in  cattle,  sheep,  and  hogs,  key 24 

life  history 130 

man,  adult  and  larval 94 

ways  of  determining  species 86 

marginate,  characters 96 

of  dogs,  key 101 

treatment  of  disease 106-108 

5257— No.  19 11 


79 
123 
128 
129 


Tapeworms-  Continued.  Page. 

methods  for  prevention  in  man 89 

number  and  percentage  of  infection  of 

dogs 105 

of  man,  key 84 

methods  of  preventing  infection  of 

cattle 83 

of  Taeniidae  family,  characters 68 

or  cestodes,  discussion 68-130 

order  of  flat  worms,  discussion 21 

hogs 92 

symptoms,  diagnosis,  and  treatment  of 

infection  in  man 87 

of  pork  measles,  in  a  pec  t  i  on 92 

time  of  development  of  cysticercus 73 

transmissihility  from  animals  to  man ..  t>8 

unarmed  distribution 84 

Temperature  necessary  to  destroy  bladder 

worms 82 

Texas— 

outbreak  of  fluke  disease 53 

prevalence  of  fluke  disease  among  cat- 
tle   4?, 

Thysanosoma,  genus  of  tapeworms 128-130 

Tonkin,  disease  from  pancreatic  fluke 57 

Trematodes  or  flukes — 

order  of  flat  worms,  discussion 21 

technical  discussion 27 

Trichinous  hogs,  die  interment  and  eating  of 

carcasses  buried  by  sanitary  officials.  16 

Turpentine,  use  against  tapeworm 88 

United  States,  frequency  of  hydatid  dis- 
ease   122 

Virchow  on    proportion  of  cysticercus  in 

man 85 

Water- 
care  for  prevention  of  tapeworm  disease.  136 
danger  in  districts  infected  with  bil- 

harziosis 63 

Wet  years,  effect  on  flukes  in'  animals 40 

Wool,  effect  of  tapeworm  disease 128 

Worms,  parasitic,  of  cattle,  sheep,  and  hogs.  20 
Ziindel,  division  of  periods  of  disease  from 

common  liver  fluke 30 


